Objective This study aims to investigate the evolutionary trend of ecosystem service functions in Changhai County island region, and determine the influencing factors of its evolution, providing scientific references for the sustainable marine development in border regions. Methods This study comprehensively analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, trade-off/synergy relationships, and the intensity of influencing factors of five ecosystem service functions, namely water yield (WY), carbon sequestration (CS), soil conservation (SC), habitat quality (HQ), and landscape aesthetics (LA), in Changhai County from 2000 to 2020 by integrating the InVEST model and the equivalent factor method. Results (1) In the past 20 years, the total amount of water yield, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and landscape aesthetics in Changhai County showed a decreasing trend, while the habitat quality showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Among them, the variations in water yield and soil conservation were relatively large, both exceeding 50%. (2) The changes in water yield and carbon sequestration of inhabited islands showed an alternating distribution of growth and loss, while the changes in soil conservation, habitat quality, and landscape aesthetics were mainly characterized by losses. However, the water yield and carbon sequestration of uninhabited islands showed a decreasing trend, while soil conservation, habitat quality, and landscape aesthetics slightly increased. (3) HQ-CS showed a strong synergistic effect, with correlation coefficients all above 0.43. The trade-off relationship was most significant in SC-WY, and the correlation coefficients were all as high as -0.78. (4) Among the influencing factors, natural factors were dominant, followed by human factors. Moreover, the interaction among the factors was more significant than that of a single factor, indicating that the evolution of ecosystem service functions in Changhai County resulted from the combined effects of natural and human factors. Conclusion The ecosystem service functions of Changhai County island region generally show a declining trend, mainly due to the combined effects of natural and human factors. The Changhai County government should formulate reasonable and effective short-term and long-term governance measures.
海岛生态系统兼备海陆的特征、相对封闭的地理位置和有限的面积[4],这使得海岛在生物栖息、迁徙和生物多样性等方面为全球的生态系统提供了重要的生态功能,是研究全球复杂生态系统和区域可持续发展的天然实验室[5]。但这也导致海岛生态系统相较其他陆地生态系统更加脆弱,更容易受到全球气候变化和人类活动的影响,并且难以通过自我调节恢复到受损前[6]。对此学者们对海岛开展了相关研究,如Stevenson等[7]运用地理信息系统和生态动力学模型对拉帕努伊岛退化的生态环境进行了研究,弥补了在理解社会和自然生态过程间联系上的重要空白;Oleson等[8]运用新的范式阐述了生态系统服务评估(ecosystem service value, ESV)在海岛上的应用和发展,提出了海岛生态系统是研究ESV如何指导政策和可持续性的理想系统;Xie等[9]在现有生态系统服务价值评估的基础上,构建了经生态脆弱性调整后的生态系统服务价值AESV模型,评估了朱家尖岛未来20年生态系统服务价值,并提出了相应的生态保护建议。目前海岛生态的相关研究包括可持续发展[10]、保护与修复[11-12]、生态旅游[13]和脆弱性评价等[14]多个方面,研究方法多为问卷调查[15]、模型分析[16]和遥感监测等[17]。由于海岛生态系统自身性质的特殊性,较大陆生态系统研究更为困难,所以在海岛生态系统精准定量评估研究上依然薄弱;尽管海岛生态服务功能演变与驱动机制研究逐渐成为热点,但仍缺乏对偏远海岛及边境海岛的研究案例。
ChiY, ShiH H, WangY Y, et al. Evaluation on spatial heterogeneity of island ecosystem carrying capacity: a case study of southern Miaodao Archipelago[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(3):1188-1200.
DiQ B, HouZ W, ChenX L. Study on the measurement of carbon emission decoupling effect and spatial divergence in island counties of China: based on Tapio decoupling index and LMDI decomposition model[J]. Resource Development & Market, 2024,40(7):1010-1019.
CuiW L, XiH H, ChenJ L. Review on island ecological compensation[J]. Ocean Development and Management, 2020,37(11):50-56,92.
[9]
SpaldingM D, RuffoS, LacambraC, et al. The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2014,90:50-57.
OlesonK L L, GrafeldS, Van BeukeringP, et al. Charting progress towards system-scale ecosystem service valuation in islands[J]. Environmental Conservation, 2018,45(3):212-226.
[14]
XieZ L, LiX Z, ChiY, et al. Ecosystem service value decreases more rapidly under the dual pressures of land use change and ecological vulnerability: a case study in Zhujiajian Island[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2021,201:105493.
[15]
ZhangY, XueX Z, LinY H, et al. Developing a multiscale landscape assessment framework integrating multiobjectives to identify priority action plans for sustainable development of small inhabited islands[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2023,243:106735.
[16]
KimJ, SongY. Integrating ecosystem services and ecological connectivity to prioritize spatial conservation on Jeju Island, South Korea[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2023,239:104865.
[17]
RaniS, AhmedM K, XueX Z, et al. Economic valuation and conservation, restoration & management strategies of Saint Martin′s coral island, Bangladesh[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2020,183:105024.
[18]
孟阳.海南生态旅游及其发展策略研究[J].文化产业,2022(18):122-124.
[19]
MengY. Study on Hainan eco-tourism and its development strategy[J]. Culture Industry, 2022(18):122-124.
[20]
SaguansapP, SaguansapV, MruksirisukP, et al. Assessment of urban heat Island vulnerability using sustainability-focused framework: a case study of Thailand′s Bangkok Metropolis[J]. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2024,8:100262.
LiR, JiL H, CaoW T, et al. Ecological risk source analysis and the countermeasures on functional islands of Zhoushan Archipelago[J]. Ocean Development and Management, 2016,33(7):49-54.
[23]
AdriantoL, KurniawanF, RomadhonA, et al. Assessing social-ecological system carrying capacity for urban small island tourism: the case of Tidung Islands, Jakarta Capital Province, Indonesia[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2021,212:105844.
[24]
ChatterjeeU, MajumdarS. Impact of land use change and rapid urbanization on urban heat island in Kolkata City: a remote sensing based perspective[J]. Journal of Urban Management, 2022,11(1):59-71.
[25]
YanF P, ShangguanW, ZhangJ, et al. Depth-to-bedrock map of China at a spatial resolution of 100 meters[J]. Scientific Data, 2020,7(1):2.
ZhaoT Q, OuyangZ Y, WangX K, et al. Ecosystem services and their valuation of terrestrial surface water system in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003,(4):443-452.
WangP J, ZhangJ H, YangL J, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution of ecosystem services in a typical tourist city and its influencing factors: a case study of Huangshan City[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2024,44(9):3897-3910.
[30]
王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.
[31]
WangJ F, XuC D. Geodetector: principle and prospective[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(1):116-134.
WeiW, ZengS Y, YinL, et al. Ecological effects and its influencing factors of Hainan Island′s territorial spatial pattern evolution in the past 40 years[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2024,44(12):5083-5101.
ZhaoM, ShiH H, ChiY, et al. The spatial distribution and impact factors of soil properties on the five southern islands of Miaodao Archipelago in China[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2017,36(6):884-891.
ZhangK, YiG H, ZhangT B, et al. Analysis of trade-off and synergistic relationships and attribution of ecosystem services in Western Sichuan Plateau[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2025,32(2):366-376.
TianH X, QinY Y, LiZ Z, et al. Changes of ecosystem services in Beijing and its multi-scale response to urbanization[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2025,45(5):2209-2224.
[42]
EvansK L, GreenwoodJ J D, GastonK J. The positive correlation between avian species richness and human population density in Britain is not attributable to sampling bias[J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2007,16(3):300-304.
[43]
BeillouinD, CardinaelR, BerreD, et al. A global overview of studies about land management, land-use change, and climate change effects on soil organic carbon[J]. Global Change Biology, 2022,28(4):1690-1702.
LiuY T, YangZ, XuG L, et al. Impacts of urbanization on habitat quality using MGWR models in Wanjiang City Belt[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2023,43(2):280-290.
[46]
DymondJ R, AusseilA G E, EkanayakeJ C, et al. Tradeoffs between soil, water, and carbon: a national scale analysis from New Zealand[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2012,95(1):124-131.