Objective This study aims to comprehensively understand the soil erosion change patterns and driving factors of the Ω-shaped bend of the Yellow River, promote the social and economic development of the Loess Plateau region, enhance ecological management and restoration efforts, and effectively carry out soil erosion prevention and control work. Methods The RUSLE model and GIS technique were combined with the geodetector to analyze the changes and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of soil erosion in the Ω-shaped bend of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2020. The geodetector was then used to quantify the effects of single-factors and their interactions on soil erosion intensity, and to systematically evaluate the explanatory power of different driving factors. Results (1) The soil erosion modulus in the Ω-shaped bend of the Yellow River exhibited a marked decreasing trend, declining from 48.76 t/(hm2 · a) in 2000 to 20.89 t/(hm2 · a) in 2020, representing a reduction of approximately 57.16%. (2) Vegetation coverage was identified as the primary driving factor of soil erosion, with its q value reaching up to 0.317 4. The interaction between vegetation coverage and precipitation showed the strongest explanatory power (with a maximum q value of 0.475 0), indicating that the synergistic influence of vegetation recovery and rainfall characteristics played a crucial role in reducing soil erosion risk. (3) When interacting with precipitation and vegetation coverage, the explanatory power of slope increased substantially, becoming the second and third dominant interaction factors, with maximum q values of 0.393 3 and 0.330 4, respectively. This suggested that, under multi-factor coupling, variations in precipitation and vegetation amplified the role of slope, highlighting its important control effect in shaping regional soil erosion processes. Conclusion From 2000 to 2020, the soil erosion in the Ω-shaped bend of the Yellow River shows an overall weakening trend, and its spatiotemporal differentiation is mainly controlled by the vegetation coverage and its interaction with precipitation. Under the condition of multi-factor coupling, the regulatory effect of slope on soil erosion is significantly enhanced.
目前,USLE和RUSLE模型已广泛应用于土壤侵蚀的定量评估与空间模拟研究[4],RUSLE在USLE的基础上对各影响因子及计算方法进行了优化,模型结构更加简洁合理,参数获取方式更加便捷,提高了适用性和评价精度[5]。近年来,众多学者将RUSLE模型与地理信息技术相结合,在多种空间尺度上开展土壤侵蚀定量模拟与分析,以揭示其时空演变规律。例如,张艳等[6]基于RUSLE模型和地理探测器,结合GIS和水文分析,系统分析了黄河中游退耕前后区域降雨与土地利用的时空变化特征,揭示不同年份土壤侵蚀格局及其主导驱动因子;何佳瑛等[7]基于RUSLE模型构建了土壤侵蚀强度对土地利用/覆被变化(Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, LUCC)响应的分析框架,结果表明在延河流域的不同发展阶段,受多种社会经济因素驱动的LUCC会引起侵蚀过程及土壤保持功能的差异化变化。Shi等[8]将RUSLE模型与残差趋势法相结合,利用气候因子和植被指数分别量化了黄土高原气候变化和人类活动对土壤侵蚀的贡献程度;Wu等[9]基于RUSLE模型估算了黄土高原1990—2020年的土壤侵蚀模数,利用景观格局指数分析侵蚀格局及其演变特征,采用随机森林评估各影响因子的贡献程度,利用地理加权回归与时间加权回归模型揭示县域尺度驱动因素的空间与时间异质性。综上分析,RUSLE模型作为一种有效的评估工具,在区域尺度上的土壤侵蚀研究中具有较高的适用性与操作性,尤其与GIS等空间信息技术相结合时,能够实现对侵蚀空间格局与时空动态的精准模拟,这为形成因地制宜的水土流失空间管控方案提供了关键的技术支撑。
降水量数据来自国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/),数据格式为NetCDF,时间分辨率为逐月,单位为0.1 mm。土壤数据为基于联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO)和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA)联合开发的世界土壤数据库(HWSD2.0),空间分辨率为1 km,数据格式为TIFF。归一化植被指数数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/),时间范围为2000—2020年空间分辨率为250 m,时间分辨率为逐月,数据格式为TIFF。SRTM DEM来源于国家地球系统科学数据中心(https:∥www.geodata.cn/),分辨率为250 m。土地利用数据来自中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(https:∥www.resdc.cn/),时间范围为2000—2020年空间分辨率为1 km,数据格式为TIFF。由于数据来源多样,为保持数据一致性[15],将所有数据重采样至1 km分辨率。
式中:h=1,…,L为变量Y或因子X的分层(Strata),即分类或分区;Nh 和N分别为第h层及整个研究区的单元数量;和分别为第h层与全区范围内Y值的方差。SSW和SST分别为层内方差之和(within sum of squares)和全区总方差(total sum of squares)。q值介于0~1,q值越大就表明因子X对Y的解释力越强,反之则越弱。
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