Objective This study aims to explore the changes and vulnerabilities in carbon storage under different land use scenarios in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, providing a scientific basis for achieving the “dual carbon” goals. Methods The study employed the PLUS and InVEST models to assess the impact of land use type transitions on carbon storage from 2000 to 2020, simulate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of land use and carbon storage in the reservoir area by 2030 under natural development, urban development, and ecological protection scenarios, and analyze the vulnerability of carbon storage services using the Potential Impact Index (PI). Results (1) Between 2000 and 2020, the reservoir area lost 906.05 km² of cultivated land, accounting for 44.60% of the total area transferred-out, which was primarily converted to construction land. (2) The total carbon storage in the reservoir area cumulatively decreased by 1.20 Tg from 2000 to 2020, with forest land being the main carbon sink region (accounting for 64.90%). The spatial distribution of carbon storage showed a pattern of “higher in the east and north, lower in the west and south”,with “tail<middle<head of the reservoir”. (3) By 2030, carbon storage under natural development and urban development scenarios was projected to decrease by 3.25 and 2.86 Tg, respectively. Against the backdrop of ecological protection scenario, the loss of carbon stock has been effectively curbed, with a total carbon increase of 0.34 Tg. (4) From 2000 to 2020, the PI index in the reservoir area ranged from -1.47 to 0.78 Tg; vulnerability was effectively mitigated in the first 10 years, but continued to worsen in the latter 10 years. By 2030, the PI index under natural development and urban development scenarios was projected to be -0.83 and -0.79 Tg, respectively, while the ecological protection scenario was projected to reach a PI index of 0.19 Tg. Compared to the first two scenarios, carbon sinks increased and vulnerability decreased under ecological protection. Conclusion The conversion of cultivated land and the expansion of construction land are the key factors affecting carbon storage and the vulnerability of carbon storage services in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. In the future, optimizing the land use structure of the reservoir area is essential to promote regional sustainable development.
目前评估碳储量的研究方法主要分为两类,一类是实地采样法[3],数据获取精度高,但存在周期长、工作量大、成本高等缺陷,适用于短期、小尺度研究。另一类是模型模拟法[4],相较于前者,该方法数据获取便利、操作简单,适用于长时间序列及中大尺度研究。其中InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型具有模拟精度较高、操作便利、可视性强等优点,广泛应用于碳储量评估研究。近年来,众多学者将InVEST模型与土地利用模型进行耦合研究,常用的土地利用模型包括CLUE-S[5]、CA-Markov[6]以及FLUS等[7]。但这些模型在实际模拟土地利用时空演变的过程中具有一定的局限性,相比之下,PLUS(Patch-generating Land Use Simulation)模型模拟精度较高,同时能揭示在不同时序下土地利用变化情况。
PLUS模型是基于土地扩张分析策略(Land Expansion Analysis Strategy, LEAS)和多类型随机种子(Cellular Automata with Random Seeds, CARS)的元胞自动机模型,该模型能够揭示土地扩张现象和景观格局转变的驱动因素,可用于模拟土地利用变化。在进行模拟时,首先提取库区2000—2010年各类土地扩张数据,再根据库区的实际情况,从自然条件、社会经济以及空间可达性3个维度,选取表1中的13个因素作为驱动因子。在LEAS模块中计算各类土地利用数据与驱动因子间的关系,设置训练参数后得出每种土地利用类型的发展潜力。基于前期获得的各地类发展概率,在CARS模块中设定模型所需的土地利用需求像元数量、转移成本矩阵以及邻域权重,模拟库区2020年土地利用类型斑块。最后对模拟结果的精度进行验证,以kappa系数作为评价指标,结果显示kappa系数为80.23%,总体精度为85.27%,可用于预测库区2030年多情景下土地利用状况。
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