1.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process,School of Geography;Science,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China
2.Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability,People′s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University,Xining 810008,China
3.Resources and Environmental Engineering Department,Hebei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering,Xingtai,Hebei 054000,China
Objective This study aims to analyze the impact of future land-use changes in ecologically fragile areas of the Qilian Mountains on carbon stocks, quantify their carbon sequestration value, and provide a vital tool for safeguarding the achievement of the dual carbon goals and ensuring the rational utilization of regional land resources in the future. Methods This study utilized the PLUS-InVEST model to forecast land use changes in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains under four scenarios for the years 2030 and 2060, and to assess carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems in the region. Results (1) Between 2010 and 2020, grassland was the dominant land type in the study area, accounting for more than 50% of the total area, followed by unused land, forest land, water bodies, arable land, and construction land. During this period, the area of arable land, grassland, and unused land decreased, while the area of forest land, water bodies, and construction land expanded. (2) The Kappa value for the PLUS model′s prediction accuracy was 0.95, indicating that this predictive simulation was viable in the intricate Qilian Mountains. The areas affected by the changes were mainly concentrated around Qinghai Lake in the south and in the high-altitude regions in the center. (3) Estimated carbon stocks in the study area in 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 2.038×108 t, 2.041×108 t, and 2.034×108 t, respectively, with an overall decreasing trend. The impact of changes in land use on carbon stocks varied significantly depending on the scenario. In the future, under natural development and arable land development scenarios, the reduction in forest and grassland ecological land led to a decrease in carbon stocks. Under the comprehensive development scenario, both the farmland red line was maintained and ecological land was protected, resulting in little change in carbon stocks. Only under the ecological protection scenario, where the uncontrolled expansion of construction land was strictly limited and ecological land was protected, did carbon stocks increase, demonstrating the potential for enhanced carbon sequestration in this scenario. Conclusion The carbon stocks of ecosystems in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains are declining. Only by adhering to an ecological conservation-oriented development approach can the region′s carbon sequestration capacity be enhanced. Therefore, the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains must coordinate various land use types and uphold the principle of ecological priority.
目前,针对区域碳储量估算的研究多基于未来不同土地利用转型情景[5]。在未来土地利用转型预测的研究中多采用模型法,常用模型包括CA-Markov(Cellular Automata-Markov)模型、FLUS(Future Land Use Simulation)模型、PLUS(Patch-generating Land Use Simulation)模型等。其中,由Liang等[6]提出的PLUS模型相较于其他模型,不仅考虑了未来规划政策对土地利用变化的影响,而且弥补了现有模型在转换规则挖掘策略和土地利用动态变化模拟策略上的不足[7]。在此基础上,针对某一种或多种土地利用变化对碳储量的影响研究中,不少学者采用了实测法,实测法虽精度较高,但无法针对较大区域展开研究。针对上述问题,衍生出DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition)、CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)及InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecos-ystem Services and Tradeoffs)等诸多模型,可模拟不同空间尺度下的碳储量格局。其中,DNDC模型可以描述碳循环的机理过程,但主要针对农田生态系统;CASA模型借助遥感技术,实用性强,分辨率高,但也导致了模型所需参数的大量增加;相比之下,InVEST模型具有需求数据少,操作简单、易运行等特点,可以实现多目标、多情景下的生态系统碳储量评估[8],被许多国内外学者广泛应用。综合PLUS以及InVEST模型的各自优势,将斑块生成土地利用模拟模型和生态服务功能相耦合,可以模拟在不同情景下多种土地利用变化对区域碳储量的影响。例如Geng等[9]结合PLUS以及InVEST模型探究了宁夏哈巴湖自然保护区研究区在1990—2020年以及未来2030年碳储量的时空分布;石晶等[10]运用PLUS-InVEST模型模拟了酒泉市2035年在自然发展、集约发展、水资源约束和生态保护情景下碳储量的时空演变特征。耦合PLUS-InVEST模型,运行效果良好,广泛适用,已被应用于国内外各种区域尺度下土地利用变化及碳储量模拟。
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