Objective This study aims to explore the influence mechanisms of land use transition in resource-based cities of the Loess Plateau on land carbon storage, thereby providing decision-making references for the optimal configuration of territorial space in these cities of the Loess Plateau. Methods Based on land use data from Qingyang City for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2024, this study employed the PLUS model to simulate land use patterns under natural development, ecological protection, and urban development scenarios. The InVEST model was used to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of carbon storage under future scenarios and identify driving factors affecting the spatial differentiation of carbon storage. Results (1) From 1990 to 2024, land use quantity in Qingyang City changed significantly. Cultivated land decreased by 908.26 km², construction land expanded by 176.99 km², grassland increased by 340.83 km², and forest land showed fluctuating changes. Land transition was dominated by the conversion of cultivated land to grassland and forest land, among which the area of cultivated land converted to grassland was 400.00 km². Coal mining subsidence caused 90.39 km² of cultivated land to collapse into water bodies. (2) Carbon storage increased from 3.13×108 t to 3.14×108 t, representing a net increment of 1.188×106 t and a growth rate of 0.38%. Despite the overall increase, carbon storage showed a fluctuating trend characterized by an initial decline, followed by a rise, and a subsequent decrease. The conversion of cultivated land to construction land resulted in a carbon loss of 1.31×106 t, acco-unting for 15.80% of the total loss. Coal mining subsidence led to the conversion of cultivated land to water bodies, causing a carbon loss of 8.58×10⁴ t. (3) Under the natural development scenario, ecological protection scenario, and urban development scenario, carbon storage was 3.116×108,3.134×108,3.118×108 t, respe-ctively. The ecological protection scenario showed the smallest reduction in carbon storage and the most significant mitigation effectiveness by adopting measures such as restricting the transition of ecological land and controlling the expansion of construction land. (4) Land cover type was the primary driving factor for the spatial differentiation of carbon storage (q=0.231), and its interaction with NDVI and slope significantly enhanced the explanatory power for carbon storage distribution. Conclusion The decline in carbon storage in Qingyang City is closely related to land use change. Construction land expansion and coal mining subsidence are the main pathways of carbon loss. In the future, it is necessary to strictly control the occupation of ecological land by construction land, promote ecological restoration in coal mining subsidence areas, and achieve the coordinated and sustainable development of ecological protection and economic development in resource-based cities.
陆地生态系统年固碳量约(2.60±1.20) Pg C,抵消了人为碳排放的30.00%,是减缓气候变化的关键碳汇[1]。然而,土地利用变化正在削弱这一功能。IPCC第六次评估报告显示,2010—2019年土地利用变化年均排放(1.60±0.70) Pg C,占人为总排放的13.00%±5.00%[2]。土地利用/覆被变化(Land Use and Cover Change, LUCC)作为人类影响地表过程的主要途径,通过改变植被群落结构、土壤理化性质以及生态系统功能,调控陆地碳源与碳汇格局的时空演化特征[3]。土地利用类型转移引起的碳储量变化具有空间异质性,且不同土地利用类型间碳密度的巨大差异决定了土地转换过程中必然伴随着碳储量的剧烈波动[4]。人类社会经济活动,通过改变自然生态系统的空间配置格局,成为区域碳汇功能衰退的主要驱动力[5]。IPCC第六次评估报告指出,土地利用变化贡献了全球CO₂排放总量的近三分之一,这凸显对土地利用-碳储量耦合关系的研究在全球变化研究中的关键地位[6],尤其目前在我国实施“双碳”战略背景下,定量评估碳储量动态变化,预测其演化特征,对于制定差异化碳汇提升策略具有重要意义[7-9]。
InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs)模型凭借其参数获取便捷、空间表达直观、计算效率高等优势,在碳储量模拟方面获得了广泛应用[10]。在土地利用预测技术方面,PLUS(Patch-generating Land Use Simulation)模型通过耦合随机森林算法与多类型斑块机制[11],实现土地扩张规律挖掘与空间格局演化的有机融合[12],在捕捉“块状”土地演化特征方面表现出独特优势[13]。因此,通过整合PLUS-InVEST耦合模型,能够实现土地利用变化驱动下碳储量时空演变的定量模拟与多情景预测分析[14]。
PLUS模型的LEAS(Land Expansion Analysis Strategy)模块基于2000年和2010年两期土地利用数据,运用随机森林算法来挖掘各地类扩张规律[14]。通过计算各驱动因子对地类扩张的贡献度,生成空间显式发展概率图层,得出庆阳市建设用地高概率发生区域主要集中分布在城镇边缘区和交通干线缓冲区;耕地扩张发生区域主要位于坡度小于15°未利用地区域[19]。在CARS(Cellular Automata with Random Seeds)格局模拟模块,PLUS模型基于马尔可夫链来预测土地需求量,并结合成本矩阵和邻域权重参数[20],模拟土地利用空间配置过程[21]。其计算公式如下:
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