1.Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Engineering Resilience,Chongqing Institute of;Green and Intelligent Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chongqing 400714,China
2.Chongqing School,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chongqing 400714,China
3.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-07-23
2025-09-08
2026-08-10
Issue Date
2026-09-04
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摘要
目的 阐明2001—2021年全球植被总初级生产力(GPP)的时空演变格局,解析其对关键环境因子的响应差异及其交互作用,从而揭示全球GPP变化的驱动机制。 方法 基于2001—2021年MODIS17A2 GPP数据,分析了全球不同土地利用类型(林地、耕地和草地)GPP的时空分布特征及其演变趋势,并探讨了CO2浓度、温度、降水、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和辐射等环境因素对GPP的具体影响及其交互作用。 结果 研究期内林地GPP在研究期间年均值为1 940 g C/m2,并呈显著上升趋势4.29 g C/(m2 · a);耕地和草地的GPP年均值分别为898,621 g C/m2,年增长率分别为5.08,3.32 g C/(m2 · a)。空间上,热带雨林(尤其亚马逊与中非)具有最高的GPP和增长趋势,而东南亚及亚马逊东部边缘地区则表现为下降趋势。环境因素对GPP的影响表现出显著的地域差异:CO2浓度在热带雨林中大幅提升了林地GPP,而在热带沙漠气候区则呈现负贡献;温度在高纬度对林地GPP具有正效应,而在热带则有限或负向;降水在热带林地对GPP起显著促进作用,却在干旱草地成为主要限制因子;VPD在亚热带草地抑制GPP,而辐射在热带和亚热带地区增加GPP。交互作用分析表明,温度和VPD与CO2浓度对GPP的影响交互作用更明显,具体表现为温度与CO2浓度对GPP的影响存在负相关,尤其在耕地更明显,而VPD的抑制效应在高CO2施肥效应下加剧,尤其是林地和草地。 结论 全球不同生态系统对气候变化的响应存在显著差异,CO2施肥效应虽整体促进GPP增长,但其效果受温度、水分和VPD等环境因子的调控,且交互作用复杂。
Abstract
Objective This study aims to elucidate the spatiotemporal patterns of global gross primary productivity (GPP) during 2001—2021, analyze its differential responses to key environmental drivers and their interactions, and reveal the mechanisms driving global GPP variability. Methods The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and temporal trends of GPP across major land cover types-forests, croplands, and grasslands-were analyzed based on the MODIS17A2 GPP dataset (2001—2021). The individual and interactive effects of environmental factors, including atmospheric CO₂ concentration, temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and radiation, on GPP were investigated. Results The annual mean GPP of forests was 1 940 g C/m2 during the study period, with a significant upward trend at an annual growth rate of 4.29 g C/(m2 · a). The annual mean GPP of cropland and grassland were 898 and 621 g C/m2, respectively, with annual growth rates of 5.08 and 3.32 g C/(m2 · a), respectively. Spatially, tropical rainforest regions, especially the Amazon and Central Africa, had the highest GPP values and growth trends, while GPP in Southeast Asia and the eastern edge of the Amazon showed a decreasing trend. The impact of environmental factors on GPP exhibited regional differences. Increased CO2 concentration significantly enhanced forest GPP in tropical rainforests but had a negative impact in tropical desert climate regions. Temperature exerted positive influences on forest GPP in high-latitude regions, while its effects in the tropics were limited or negative. Precipitation strongly promoted GPP in tropical forests but was the primary limiting factor in arid grasslands. VPD inhibited GPP in subtropical grasslands, while radiation increased GPP in tropical and subtropical regions. Regarding interaction analyses, the combined effects of temperature and VPD with CO2 concentration on GPP were more pronounced. Specifically, there was a negative correlation between the impacts of temperature and CO2 concentration on GPP, especially in croplands. The inhibitory effect of VPD was exacerbated under high CO2 fertilization, particularly in forests and grasslands. Conclusion Different responses of global ecosystems to climate change are demonstrated. Although GPP is generally promoted by the CO2 fertilization effect, its magnitude and direction are modulated by temperature, moisture availability, and VPD through complex interactive mechanisms.
2001—2021年全球耕地、林地和草地的年均GPP及其主要环境因子均表现出明显的年际变化特征(图2)。林地GPP维持在较高水平,年均约1 940 g C/m2,并以4.29 g C/m2/a的速率显著上升;耕地和草地的GPP较低,分别为年均898,621 g C/m2,但增长速率相对更快,分别达到5.08,3.32 g C/(m2 · a)。林地区域温度和降水显著高于耕地和草地(分别为18.37 ℃,1 635 mm),其中降水呈显著增加趋势(4.47 mm/a),而温度趋势不显著;耕地和草地温度较低(16~17 ℃),但均呈显著上升趋势(0.024,0.012 ℃/a),降水年际变化不显著。VPD在耕地和林地普遍高于1.0 kPa,草地最低(约0.6 kPa),表明草地蒸散压力相对较小。辐射在各类型间差异不大,林地最低(163 W/m2),耕地和草地约为184~187 W/m2,且年际变化不显著。大气CO2浓度持续升高,从2001年的667 mg/m3增至2021年的746 mg/m3,增速为2.19 mg/(m3 · a)。
GPP与关键气候要素的空间格局表明,热带雨林地区(如亚马逊、中非及东南亚)具有最高的生产力,年均GPP最高可达3 440 g C/m2;而极地及撒哈拉等荒漠区GPP最低。中东和撒哈拉地区年均气温高达31 ℃,而极地低至-23 ℃。降水在热带雨林最为丰富,年均超过4 000 mm,而干旱区如中东的年均降水量不足100 mm。VPD在干旱与半干旱地区高于湿润区,表明水分胁迫是制约这些区域植被生长的主要限制要素。辐射则表现为赤道及高纬度地区较高,且南半球整体高于北半球(图3)。
为阐明全球林地、耕地和草地GPP及相关气候因素的年际变化趋势的空间分布特征,本文基于Theil-Sen斜率与Mann-Kendall检验计算2001—2021年全球各像元要素值的变化趋势及显著性(图4)。结果显示,2001—2021年亚马逊和中非雨林区的GPP增长最为显著,年均增速达8 g C/(m2 · a)以上;而东南亚及亚马逊东部边缘则呈下降趋势,减幅超过8 g C/(m2 · a)。温度升高主要集中在北美和北欧高纬区,年均0.06 ℃/a以上,热带地区变化较小。降水在南美北部和中非热带区显著增加(>12 mm/a),而地中海、澳大利亚东南部及美国西部则明显减少(>10 mm/a)。VPD在美国西部和澳大利亚内陆持续上升(约0.004 kPa/a),表明其干旱风险增强。辐射整体变化不显著,仅极地和部分热带区略有增加。
2.2 不同植被类型对环境因素的敏感性特征
各环境因素对林地、耕地和草地GPP变化的实际贡献差异显著,3种土地利用类型下CO2浓度、温度、降水、VPD、辐射对GPP趋势的平均真实贡献分别为3.98,0.11,-0.13,-0.64,0.03 g C/m2。具体而言,CO2浓度(图5A)对林地GPP的正贡献在南美亚马逊和中非的热带雨林最显著,其贡献值达到了13~45 g C/m2。这表明CO2施肥效应在这些区域尤为突出,而在赤道附近处于热带沙漠气候的森林中CO2浓度的负贡献也达到了最高,为-23~-3 g C/m2。在草地和耕地,CO2浓度对GPP变化的真实贡献以及贡献间的空间差异较小。温度(图5B)对北美和亚洲的高纬度林地表现出较高的正贡献(1~3 g C/m2),表明温度上升可能延长了这些地区的生长季从而使GPP明显增长。相对地,热带地区的温度升高对GPP的影响为负或微弱正贡献,显示出温度对热带生态系统的可能限制作用。降水(图5C)对林地的GPP的积极影响在热带地区尤为显著,真实贡献达到13~45 g C/m2,反映了充足的降水对水分限制地区的热带森林生产力的关键促进作用。然而,在干旱的草地,降水的贡献为负,显示出降水不足对该地区GPP的限制作用。VPD(图5D)在亚热带草地上表现为显著的限制因子,其负贡献值多在-23~-1 g C/m2,指示出高VPD可能导致植物气孔导度降低,影响植被生产力。而在湿润气候的林地,VPD的负向影响则较低。辐射(图5E)对林地和草地的积极贡献在热带和亚热带地区尤其明显,贡献值一般在8~13 g C/m2,说明充足的辐射量是这些地区高GPP的关键因素。而在云量较多的地区,辐射对GPP的贡献则较低。
2.3 环境要素间的相互作用
为探讨大气CO2浓度与主要气候因子之间的交互作用,本研究首先对全球林地、草地、耕地逐像元的Con_CO2进行排序,并以1%的间隔抽样获取100个代表性分位点;随后提取其对应位置的气候因子贡献值并绘制散点图(图6)。该方法能够在减少数据冗余的同时,揭示CO2浓度与气候因子对GPP贡献之间的相互关系。结果表明,不同土地利用类型下的交互作用模式存在显著差异(图6)。在全球总体上,温度和CO2浓度对GPP的影响之间具有明显的负相关关系,并且这种负相关在耕地更为显著。在CO2施肥效应较小时,即Con_CO2为正且较小时,林地中降水对GPP的贡献为负值,并且随着CO2施肥效应增强而进一步加剧抑制效应;而在耕地和草地中,降水对GPP的贡献总体为正,并且随着CO2施肥效应增强而增强,但当Con_CO2超过6 g C/m2时,这种正效应逐渐转变为抑制作用。VPD与CO2浓度的交互效应也因土地类型而异:在林地和草地中,较高Con_CO2背景下VPD对GPP的抑制作用更为显著,而在耕地中这种抑制效应相对减弱,可能与灌溉管理降低了水分胁迫有关。辐射在3类土地利用中均呈现出随Con_CO2增加而由正效应转为负效应的趋势,表明在高CO2条件下过强辐射可能加剧光合系统受胁迫,进而限制GPP的提升。
(1) 2001—2021年全球林地的GPP年均值为1 940 g C/m2,呈显著上升趋势,速率为4.29 g C/(m2 · a)。全球耕地和草地的GPP较低,年均分别为898,621 g C/m2,增长速率分别为5.08,3.32 g C/(m2 · a)。空间上,热带雨林如亚马逊和中非地区表现出最高的生产力和增长趋势,而东南亚和亚马逊东部边缘地区的GPP呈下降趋势。
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