Objective This study aims to explore the evolution trajectory of the agricultural green new productive forces, providing a reference for further advancing the comprehensive rural revitalization and the strategy of building a strong agricultural country. Methods Based on the theory of ecosystem service value (ESV), the study constructed the evaluation system for agricultural green new quality productive forces. Using geographic data from 2010—2020 in Jiangxi Province, the paper applied niche modeling to reveal the level and dynamic development of Jiangxi′s agricultural green new quality productive forces. Results (1) From 2010 to 2020, the areas of dry land, shrubland, grassland, water bodies, wetlands, and urban-rural construction land in Jiangxi Province expanded, whereas the areas of paddy fields and forestland declined by 0.50% and 3.50%, respectively. (2) Over the same period, the ESV in Jiangxi Province exhibited a significant upward trend, increasing by 30.65%. (3) Despite this ecological improvement, carbon emissions continued to rise, while the urban-rural carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 1.62% between 2010 and 2020. (4) From 2010 to 2020, the relative niche width of each subsystem in Jiangxi Province was generally greater than in 2010, with the spatial patterns of both relative and comprehensive niche widths displaying a three-tiered gradient consisting of the Poyang Lake region, the surrounding Poyang Lake Basin, and the peripheral areas. (5) By 2020, agricultural green new quality productive forces in Jiangxi Province had significantly improved compared to 2010, with high-level regions concentrated in the Poyang Lake Plain, High-yield Grain Production Area in western Jiangxi, and the Jitai Basin. (6) Similarly, from 2010 to 2020, the niche overlap degree of agricultural green new quality productive forces was markedly higher than in 2010, with high values consistently observed in the Poyang Lake Plain, High-yield Grain Production Area in western Jiangxi, and Jitai Basin. Conclusion (1) Green development is the backdrop of the agricultural new quality productive forces. The core of agricultural green new quality productive forces is the transformation of green landscapes and pristine waters into economic value. (2) Despite a time lag in the trans-formation of ecological regulation and support systems into actual agricultural green new quality productive forces, they continue to provide robust support. (3) Developing agricultural green new quality productive forces represents a historic opportunity for developing countries and regions to seize the next wave of the productive forces revolution.
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