Objective This study aims to reveal the impact of land use transition on the spatial patterns of ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies under the combined drivers of climate change and socioeconomic development, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing territorial spatial patterns and enhancing ecosystem service synergies. Methods Based on the simulation framework of SSPs-RCPs coupling scenarios, this study comprehensively applied the InVEST model, univariate linear trend analysis, and geographically weighted regression model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of habitat quality, water yield, and carbon storage, as well as their trade-offs and synergies in the Fenhe River Basin from 2020 to 2050. Results (1) From 2020 to 2050, land use patterns in the Fenhe River Basin showed significant variations, characterized by a continuous decline in cropland, rapid expansion of construction land, and a steady increase in forest land. Under the SSP585 scenario in 2050, construction land expanded from 1 077 km2 to 6 960 km2, mainly through the occupation of cropland, grassland, and forest land, with expansion primarily concentrated in the Taiyuan and Linfen basins. (2) Overall, ecosystem services showed a declining trend. The mean habitat quality decreased from 0.701 in 2020 to 0.609 under the SSP585 scenario in 2050, and carbon storage declined from 73.738 t/hm² to 62.412 t/hm², while changes in water yield exhibited significant scenario-dependent differences. (3) The variation trends of ecosystem services differed significantly under different scenarios. Habitat quality was predominantly characterized by degradation. Under the SSP126 scenario, 82.62% of the area showed a significant decline in water yield, while changes in carbon storage remained relatively stable, with over 80% of the area showing no marked change. (4) Habitat quality and carbon storage consistently exhibited strong synergies, with significantly synergistic areas accounting for more than 60%. In contrast, a strong trade-off was observed between water yield and carbon storage, with trade-off areas accounting for 83.52% in 2020, decreasing to 43.01% under the SSP126 scenario, but increasing to 51.60% under the SSP585 scenario. Conclusion Under the background of future land use transition, ecosystem services in the Fenhe River Basin are expected to face a pronounced degradation trend. The synergy between habitat quality and carbon storage remains stable, whereas the trade-off between water yield and carbon storage is prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the control of construction land expansion and enhance the protection of key ecological function zones in territorial spatial planning, thereby jointly promoting ecological security and regional sustainable development.
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