Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of ecosystem services and the spatial heterogeneity of their key driving factors in the Liaohe River Basin, providing a scientific basis for spatially differentiated policies aimed at enhancing the synergy and effectiveness of regional socioeconomic development and ecological conservation. Methods Firstly, the InVEST model was employed to estimate carbon storage, habitat quality, soil retention, water yield, and food production services in the Liaohe River Basin from 2000 to 2020. Then, the XGBoost-SHAP machine learning model was applied to identify the importance of ecosystem service driving factors. Finally, a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was employed to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of the effects of ecosystem services and their potential core driving factors. Results (1) Over the past two decades, carbon storage and habitat quality in the Liaohe River Basin showed overall declining trends, while soil retention and water yield exhibited fluctuating upward trends. Food production services had the greatest increase, with an average annual growth rate of 4.24%. High-value areas were mainly distributed in the eastern and western forest-grassland zones with relatively low human activity or the flat plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe River. (2) SHAP analysis demonstrated that factors such as slope, precipitation, and the land use intensity index played key driving roles. The impact intensity of these factors on ecosystem services showed significant differences across years, though their direction of influence remained consistent throughout the study period. (3) The MGWR model further revealed that the nature and intensity of different driving factors′ effects on ecosystem services exhibited a distinct spatial clustering pattern. Conclusion Given the differentiated evolution trends of ecosystem services in the Liaohe River Basin and the pronounced spatial heterogeneity of natural and socioeconomic driving factors, future efforts should take into account the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems to implement zoned management. Differentiated control strategies should be adopted to improve the overall ecosystem service capacity of the Liaohe River Basin.
式中:Yi 表示i点上的因变量;(ui, vi )表示第i个自变量点的投影坐标系;β0(ui, vi )是地理坐标位置(ui, vi )处的常数项;βk (ui, vi )是第k个影响因素变量在i点处的局部回归系数值,自变量数据集Xik 是第i个点在第k个自变量X处的实测值,k是自变量总数量,εi 为随机误差项。
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