Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization, reveal its key influencing factors and driving mechanisms, and provide theoretical support for regional sustainable development. Methods The InVEST model and the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method were used to quantify ecosystem services and urbanization levels. Combined with the random forest model and partial dependence analysis, the spatiotemporal changes and driving thresholds of the coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization were revealed. Results (1) Over the 23-year period, ecosystem services and urbanization levels exhibited an overall increasing trend, with significant imbalance in their spatial distribution. (2) The coupling coordination types between ecosystem services and urbanization shifted from disordered to coordinated types over the 23-year period. Spatially, a gradually increasing pattern from southeast to northwest was observed. (3) Socioe-conomic factors such as per capita GDP and population density had the greatest impact on the coupling coordination degree between ecosystem services and urbanization and showed a positive promoting effect. The influence of land use structure on the coupling coordination degree varied. Among natural factors, the driving effects of annual precipitation and the normalized difference vegetation index exhibited threshold effects. Conclusion The coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization is mainly driven nonlinearly by socioeconomic development levels, land use structure and natural factors. In the future, the interaction between ecological conservation and urban expansion should be scientifically guided, and regulatory strategies should be formulated based on regional differences.
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