Objective This study reveals the evolution patterns of groundwater dynamics in the Liangzhou section of the Shiyang River Basin under the dual drivers of natural factors and human activities, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific management and efficient utilization of regional groundwater resources. Methods This study used measured groundwater burial depth data from 9 monitoring wells in Liangzhou District from 2003 to 2023. Pearson correlation analysis, cumulative anomaly method, sensitivity analysis, and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were employed to investigate the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of groundwater burial depth and to predict future trends. Results (1) Over the past 21 years, groundwater burial depth in the study area showed a significant increasing trend in eight out of the nine monitoring wells, except for monitoring well 4 (W4), which exhibited a decreasing trend. The overall increase rate was 0.4 m/a. (2) The period from 2012 to 2016 marked a significant abrupt change in groundwater burial depth. After this turning point, the increasing trend slowed down and tended to stabilize. (3) Groundwater burial depth in the study area was sensitive to natural factors. However, the contribution rate of anthropogenic factors to groundwater burial depth changes reached up to 84.48%, with gross domestic product (GDP) identified as the primary driving factor. (4) In the next five years, groundwater burial depth is projected to continue increasing, with an annual increase ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 m. Conclusion Groundwater burial depth in the Liangzhou section of the Shiyang River Basin has shown an increasing trend influenced by socio-economic factors. However, the implementation of scientific and effective control measures can help curb further deepening of groundwater depth and promote groundwater-level recovery.
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