Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of landscape ecological risk in the southwest alpine canyon region, providing a scientific basis for regional ecological conservation and restoration. Methods Based on land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, a land use transfer matrix was constructed, and landscape pattern indices and landscape ecological risk indices were calculated to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of landscape patterns and ecological risks in the study area. Results (1) From 2000 to 2020, forest and grassland were the dominant landscape types in the southwest alpine canyon region, with areas of 283 100 km² and 263 100 km², respectively, accounting for over 81% combined. However, these areas decreased by 2 700 km² and 40 500 km², while construction land, unused land, and water bodies increased. Overall, the landscape pattern remained stable, with pronounced local variations. (2) Over the 20-year period, landscape diversity and evenness increased, whereas contagion decreased, reflecting intensified fragmentation. (3) Landscape ecological risk in the southwest alpine canyon region increased slightly. The proportion of high-risk areas rose from 33.32% in 2000 to 39.59% in 2020, and low-risk areas decreased from 23.81% to 10.32%. (4) Regionally, the soil and water conservation area in the north Yunnan-southwest Sichuan alpine canyons and the ecological maintenance area in the northwest Yunnan alpine canyon maintained relatively high levels of landscape ecological risk over the long term, with proportions of high and above risk levels exceeding 76.60%. The ecological maintenance area in the southeast Xizang alpine canyon showed the most pronounced increase in landscape ecological risk, requiring particular attention. Conclusion The soil and water conservation area in the north Yunnan-southwest Sichuan alpine canyon and the ecological maintenance area in the northwest Yunnan alpine canyon should be prioritized for future ecological protection and restoration. The ecological maintenance area in the southeast Xizang alpine canyon requires a long-term dynamic monitoring and early-warning system, along with strict control of human activities to reduce ecological disturbances.
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