Objective This study investigates the spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of key ecosystem services, such as water yield and soil conservation, in the Weihe River Basin, thereby providing a scientific basis for the scientific management and regulation of ecosystem services in the river basin. Methods Using data on land use, soil types, and climate, this study employed the InVEST model and the LMG correlation analysis method to examine the spatiotemporal changes, constraint relationships, and trade-off and synergy relationships of water yield and soil conservation in the Weihe River Basin from 2001 to 2020. Furthermore, relative importance analysis and constraint effect analysis were conducted on the main driving factors of these changes. Results Both water yield and soil conservation showed increasing trends, with average growth rates of 0.81 mm/a and 0.97 t/(hm2 · a), respectively. The main driving factors of water yield were precipitation (relative importance 59.4%) and vegetation coverage (19.5%), with precipitation exerting basically no constraint on water yield. The main driving factors of soil conservation were slope (47.7%) and precipitation (20.3%). Under different slope conditions, the soil conservation values followed the order: steep slopes > gentle slopes > relatively gentle slopes > slight slopes. The relationship between water yield and soil conservation in the Weihe River Basin was dominated by synergy, accounting for 83.6% of the area. The main driving factors of their trade-off and synergy relationships were elevation (25.7%), temperature (23.8%), and vegetation coverage (21.3%), with differences in driving factors observed under different land use conditions. Conclusion Water yield and soil conservation in the Weihe River Basin exhibit increasing trends over time. Precipitation is the primary driving factor of water yield with no significant constraint effect, while the influence of vegetation coverage on water yield is relatively complex. Soil conservation is mainly driven by precipitation and slope. The two services are mainly in a synergy relationship, and are driven by factors such as elevation, temperature, and vegetation coverage.
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