Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and core driving mechanisms of ecosystem services in the ecologically fragile region of southeastern Xizang, and to identify the dominant influencing factors across different geographical subregions, providing scientific support for differentiated ecological protection management and sustainable development decision-making in this region. Methods Taking the southeastern Xizang as the study area, four core ecosystem services-water yield, soil conservation, carbon storage, and habitat quality-were quantified for the period 2000—2020. Subsequently, principal component analysis, Geodetector, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were employed for analyzing the spatial differentiation patterns and variations in driving mechanisms across different regions. Results (1) From 2000 to 2020, water yield, soil conservation, and carbon storage in southeastern Xizang exhibited a spatial distribution pattern of higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest. Habitat quality showed more pronounced spatial differentiation, with high-value areas primarily concentrated in the northern and southwestern regions. (2) During the study period, soil conservation, carbon storage, and habitat quality in the region showed an overall improving trend, increasing by 14.21%, 14.82%, and 15.79%, respectively. In contrast, water yield decreased overall by 20.69%, with the decline mainly concentrated in the southeastern region. (3) The dominant driving factors of ecosystem services exhibited significant differences across geographical subregions. Precipitation had the strongest explanatory power in the western region, whereas evapotranspiration and land use types demonstrated stronger explanatory power in the southeastern region. (4) The interactions between vegetation types and other influencing factors significantly enhanced the explanatory capacity of single factors regarding the spatial differentiation of ecosystem services. Conclusion Ecosystem services in southeastern Xizang exhibit marked spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The interaction effects of climatic factors with land use and vegetation types constitute the core drivers of their spatial differentiation, with significant variations in dominant driving factors across different geographical subregions.
全球气候变化表现为温度格局转变和水文循环重构,威胁着生态系统服务(Ecosystem Services, ESs)的可持续供给[1-2]。在全球气候变化与人类活动叠加的背景下,青藏高原作为“亚洲水塔(Asian Water Towers)”与生态屏障的核心区,其生态系统服务功能及其驱动机制成为区域生态安全与可持续发展研究的关键议题[3]。ESs是人类从自然系统中获取的直接与间接收益,是维系生态安全与人类福祉的基础。然而,全球范围内自然资源的过度开发导致ES功能显著衰减,尤其在青藏高原等地理、社会与经济异质性显著的区域,环境脆弱性与人类活动的叠加效应进一步加剧了供需失衡[4-5]。量化ES的时空分异特征并解析其驱动机制,已成为缓解气候变化、实现可持续发展目标的关键科学议题[6-7]。生态系统服务评估方法主要有价值量核算法,如等效因子法[8]、MEA框架[9]。目前相关评估方法逐步向多尺度空间量化演进,例如结合地理探测器等空间统计模型,为解析自然—社会耦合作用下的ES动态提供了有效工具[10]。现有研究多聚焦低海拔区域或单一服务类型,对青藏高原这类生态屏障区缺乏系统性研究,且在解析多服务协同效应与多尺度驱动机制方面存在不足[11-12]。
本研究应用GWR模型识别驱动因素的空间异质性。模型构建过程中,考虑到样点分布的空间局部特征,采用自适应双平方(Adaptive Bi-square)作为空间核函数,并选取修正赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AICc)筛选最优带宽,当AICc值最小时,空间拟合精度达到最优。基于GWR模型分析表明,高程(DEM)、潜在蒸散发(PET)、土地利用类型(LUT)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及降雨量(PRE)对藏东南生态系统服务空间格局的驱动作用具有显著局部性与时空异质性。回归系数绝对值表征其影响强度。如图6所示:PET与LUT在大部分区域对产水量呈负效应(图6)。DEM回归系数值由西北向东南递减并转为负值,东南部负效应显著。2000—2020年PRE回归系数多为正值且绝对值较大,表明其对产水量具强正向驱动。NDVI对产水量的负效应分布广泛。各因子驱动作用的空间异质性随时间呈减弱趋势,局部异常簇(尤其在西部)显著减少。
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