Objective This study aims to clarify the propagation capacity from meteorological drought events to soil drought events and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin, thereby providing a scientific basis for drought monitoring, early warning, and water resources management in the river basin. Methods Based on the 1 km daily standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and standardized soil moisture index, a three-dimensional spatiotemporal clustering and matching method was employed to identify and pair meteorological and soil drought events. The propagation rate was defined as the ratio of the number of meteorological drought events that triggered soil drought events to the total number of meteorological drought events, so as to quantify the propagation capacity from meteorological to soil drought events. Furthermore, multiple machine learning models and SHAP values were used to quantitatively assess the relative importance of various potential factors affecting the propagation rate. Results From 2000 to 2022, a total of 40 meteorological drought events and 71 soil drought events were identified in the Weihe River Basin. Soil drought events had a longer average duration (97.55 d), but lower severity and smaller affected areas. A total of 59 meteorological-soil drought event pairs were successfully matched. The propagation rate showed significant spatial heterogeneity, with a pattern of higher values in the north and lower values in the central and southern regions. 46% of the area had a propagation rate higher than the river basin average (0.72). The propagation rate was mainly controlled by temperature and soil moisture, with relative contributions of 24.9% and 21.8%, respectively, and was jointly influenced by factors such as aridity, elevation, and potential evapotranspiration. Conclusion The propagation capacity from meteorological drought to soil drought in the Weihe River Basin is relatively strong, and is jointly regulated by multiple factors including temperature, soil moisture, and topography. The propagation capacity is stronger in areas with high temperature, low soil moisture, and arid environments. This study reveals the regional drought propagation mechanisms and their spatial differences.
基于SPEI90d和SSI30d,利用三维聚类算法在渭河流域2000—2022年共识别出40场气象干旱和71场土壤干旱。为揭示2000—2022年渭河流域气象干旱和土壤干旱事件关键变量的时间演变特征,分别对两类干旱事件的严重程度、面积和持续时间进行统计分析,其结果如图3所示。可以看出研究时段内气象干旱严重程度整体呈下降趋势,变化速率为-1.8×106 km2 · d/5 a,多年均值为1.1×107 km2 · d/5 a。气象干旱影响面积和持续时间亦呈减小趋势,其变化率分别为-5.7×103 km2/5 a和-6.2 d/5 a,表明研究区气象干旱强度和持续性均有所减弱。土壤干旱严重程度变化不明显,整体略有下降,而影响面积和持续时间呈轻微上升趋势,变化率分别为1.3×103 km2/5 a和2.8 d/5 a,说明土壤干旱响应过程相对平缓,具有一定的滞后性,体现出两类干旱在演变过程中的差异性。这种不一致的时间变化趋势表明,气象干旱和土壤干旱并不同步,潜在水源和蒸散发条件等气候变化因素可能在起作用。
3.1.2 气象与土壤干旱事件特征的空间分布
图4为2000—2022年不同时段气象和土壤干旱事件的持续时间、严重程度和面积的空间分布。总体来说,渭河流域中部(泾河流域)的气象干旱事件持续时间长、发生频率高、干旱影响面积大。与干旱严重度和面积相比,干旱持续时间的变化相对较小,长持续时间(持续时间大于60 d)的气象干旱事件占总数的57.5%。由于气象干旱与土壤干旱具有空间递进关系,泾河流域和北洛河流域北部的土壤干旱事件严重度更高、干旱面积更大,持续时间较气象干旱事件没有发生太大的变化。就气象干旱事件而言,平均干旱严重程度的最大值(6.8×106 km2 · d)和面积最大值(7.1×104 km2)均出现在2012年。而土壤干旱事件,平均干旱严重程度的最大值(5.0×106 km2 · d)和面积最大值(5.0×104 km2)出现在2015年,土壤干旱事件数量最多(7次)也发生在2015年。对大多数干旱事件而言,土壤干旱事件通常伴随同一时期较严重的气象干旱事件发生,表明二者存在一定的关联性。
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