Objective This study aims to reveal the impact of mine ecological restoration on changes in ecosystem service functions in arid and semi-arid regions, and to clarify the dynamic response characteristics of trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services. Methods Five-period land-use and natural environmental datasets (2000—2020) were compiled. The InVEST model was used to quantify four ecosystem services—water yield, carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat quality. Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were then employed to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services and to identify inter-service trade-offs/synergies under the influence of mine ecological restoration. Results (1) Individual ecosystem services exhibited differentiated evolution. Water yield and soil retention increased overall, carbon storage remained relatively stable, whereas habitat quality continuously declined. (2) In terms of trade-off relationships, water yield shows an overall trade-off with carbon storage, soil conservation and habitat quality, and the trade-off intensity increases over time. Spatially, the proportion of areas with such trade-offs between water yield, carbon storage and habitat quality is consistently higher than 98%. Notably, the relationship between water yield and soil retention shifted for the first time in 2020 from “synergy-dominated” to “trade-off-dominated”, indicating that water resources have emerged as the primary constraint on improving ecosystem service functions. (3) In terms of synergies, carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat quality were synergistically related, yet the overall degree of synergy tended to weaken. Spatially, the synergistic area between carbon storage and habitat quality remained above 90% throughout the study period. For the other two ecosystem service pairs, the synergistic areas generally expanded and followed a trajectory of “weaker intensity but broader extent”, reflecting a diffusion from localized clustering toward broader spatial balance and suggesting potential diminishing marginal returns to restoration. Conclusion Mine ecological restoration not only promotes the recovery of individual ecosystem services but also profoundly reshapes inter-service trade-offs/synergies and their spatial distribution patterns. A refined restoration framework of “zonal identification-differentiated management-dynamic optimization”, grounded in ecosystem service trade-offs/synergies, is recommended to promote coordinated resource development and ecological restoration.
式中:Y(x)为流域内每个栅格单元x的年产水量(mm);AET(x)为栅格单元x的年实际蒸散发量(mm);P(x)为栅格单元x的年降水量(mm);PET(x)为栅格单元x的潜在蒸散量;Kc (lx )为栅格单元x上LUCC lx 相关植物蒸散发系数;ET0(x)为生长在该地区的参考植被的蒸散发;AWC(x)为植物有效含水量(mm),由植物有效水分能力(Plant Available Water Capacity, PAWC)与根系约束层深度和植被生根深度最小值的乘积来估计;ω(x)为自然气候—土壤性质的非物理参数;Z为经验常数,依据内蒙古自治区水资源公报中产水系数进行率定。本文参考已有的相关研究确定模型运行所需的生物物理系数表[25]。
2.1.2 碳储量
采用InVEST模型中的Carbon Storage and Sequestration模块对碳储量进行评估。该模块依据地上生物量碳库、地下生物量碳库、土壤碳库和死亡有机物碳库这4种碳库的碳密度,结合评估面积计算碳储量。计算公式如下:
采用InVEST模型中的Sediment Delivery Ratio模块对土壤保持量进行评估。该模块基于修正通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE),综合考虑坡度、土壤可蚀性、植被覆盖及降雨侵蚀力等因子,模拟每个栅格单元的潜在与实际土壤侵蚀量。在此基础上,模型分别估算侵蚀减少量(即潜在侵蚀量与实际侵蚀量的差值)和泥沙持留量(表示地表对上坡泥沙的截留能力)从而量化区域土壤保持能力。计算公式如下:
式中:SEDRET x 为栅格x的土壤保持量(t);RKLS x 为栅格x的潜在土壤侵蚀量(t);USLE x 为栅格x的实际土壤侵蚀量(t);Rx, Kx, LS x, Cx, Px 分别为栅格x的降水侵蚀性因子、土壤可侵蚀性因子、坡度坡长因子、植被覆盖管理因子和土壤保持措施因子;P, C,K因子及详细计算方法参考相关研究[27-28]及InVEST模型用户指南赋值。
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