1.Shaanxi Provincial Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry,College of Forestry,Northwest A&F;University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
2.College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and;Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
3.Forest Ecosystem Positioning Research Station of Huanglong Mountain,Yan′an,Shaanxi 715701,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2026-01-05
2026-02-11
2026-12-10
Issue Date
2026-11-13
PDF (1840K)
摘要
目的 明确小流域水土保持措施的碳汇效益,建立可操作的碳汇监测体系,从而支撑碳汇项目开发、碳市场交易及配套法规制定。 方法 结合遥感影像和实地采样获取的相关数据,核算陕西省延安市薛张小流域2005—2024年的碳汇量,分析评价了该小流域各水土保持治理措施碳汇能力。 结果 20年来,薛张小流域总碳汇量为46 260.37 t C,其中碳增汇量为43 619.48 t C,碳减排量为2 640.89 t C。从碳库角度看,土壤碳增汇量和植被碳增汇量几乎相同;但土壤碳库碳储量相对较大,是薛张小流域碳储量的重要组成部分;植被碳库碳储量的年均增长率相对较高,是小流域碳储量增加的关键。从水保措施角度看,水土保持乔木林的碳增汇量最大,占比达71.09%;淤地坝的碳减排量最大,占比达54.71%;水土保持治理措施固碳增汇和减蚀减排能力显著。 结论 薛张小流域水土保持措施综合治理的固碳效果显著,该研究所构建的水土保持碳汇监测体系具有可行性,可为碳交易的实现提供技术支撑和科学依据。
Abstract
Objective To identify the carbon sink benefits of soil and water conservation measures in small watersheds and to develop a feasible carbon sink monitoring system, thereby enabling the development of carbon sink projects, carbon market trading, and the enactment of related regulations. Methods Based on remote sensing images and field sampling data, this study calculated the carbon sink of the Xuezhang small watershed in Yan′an City, Shaanxi Province from 2005 to 2024, and analyzed the carbon sink capacity of various soil and water conservation measures in the watershed. Results Over the past two decades, the total carbon sink of the Xuezhang small watershed was 46 260.37 t C, including 43 619.48 t C from carbon sink enhancement and 2 640.89 t C from carbon emission reduction. From the perspective of carbon pools, the carbon sink enhancement in soil and vegetation was nearly equal. However, the soil carbon pool had a relatively larger carbon stock, serving as a major component of the watershed’s carbon storage. The vegetation carbon pool exhibited a relatively higher average annual growth rate, making it key to the increase in carbon storage. In terms of soil and water conservation measures, arbor forests for soil and water conservation contributed the most to carbon sink enhancement, accounting for 71.09%, while check dams contributed the most to carbon emission reduction, accounting for 54.71%. Soil and water conservation measures demonstrated significant capacity in carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, as well as erosion reduction and carbon emission reduction. Conclusion The comprehensive management of soil and water conservation measures in the Xuezhang small watershed has achieved significant carbon sequestration effects. The carbon sink monitoring system for soil and water conservation constructed in this study is feasible, which can provide technical support and scientific basis for the realization of carbon trading.
2005—2024年薛张小流域各项水土保持措施保土固碳量为13 204.46 t C,其中水土保持乔木林、水土保持灌木林、封禁草地、梯田和淤地坝的保土固碳量分别为1 404.21,807.29,844.63,2 924.53,7 223.80 t C。薛张小流域各项治理措施减蚀减排量达2 640.89 t C(表5)。减蚀减排量最大的为淤地坝,占比高达54.71%;水土保持乔木林、水土保持灌木林和封禁草地分别占比10.63%,6.11%和6.40%,三者相加与梯田22.15%的占比几乎相同。
3.4 小流域总碳汇量和碳储量变化
2005—2024年薛张小流域总碳汇量为46 260.37 t C,其中碳增汇量为43 619.48 t C,占总量的94.29%,碳减排量为2 640.89 t C,占比5.71%。这说明碳增汇量是小流域碳汇量的主要部分,远大于碳减排量。
水土保持措施能够改善土壤环境,有效调节水、肥、气、热等条件,从而促进植被的生长和发育,提高生态系统的生物量,显著增强植被和土壤对CO2的固定能力[24]。随着小流域各项水土保持措施的实施,2005—2024年薛张小流域的碳汇量显著增加。根据各小班的碳密度和面积可计算出,小流域土壤碳增汇量范围为1 593.66~9 271.93 t C,植被碳增汇量范围为0~21 737.29 t C。其中水土保持乔木林的碳增汇量最高,达到31 009.22 t C,占总增汇量的71.09%;梯田的碳增汇量最低,仅为1 593.66 t C,占总增汇量的3.65%。在气候、水热条件总体一致的小流域范围内,各水土保持治理措施对碳增汇和碳减排的贡献不同,主要影响因素是该治理措施核算碳汇量时的碳库选择和其面积的大小[5]。草地和农田的地上生物量是高度动态和不稳定的,草地每年生长、枯萎、分解,碳循环速率快,周转周期较短,净固碳量很小[25],难以监测。因此,本研究的碳汇量监测在做碳库选择时只有水土保持乔木林和水土保持灌木林的植被碳库和土壤碳库在计算范围内,且水土保持乔木林植被碳增汇量远大于灌木林;封禁草地、梯田和淤地坝仅计算其土壤碳库。水土保持乔木林由于面积较大,且植被碳增汇量远大于其他水土保持治理措施,其碳增汇量最高。而梯田的面积相对较小,缺少植被碳库,碳密度变化量也较少,其碳增汇量最低。梯田的碳密度变化量较少可能是在坡耕地改建为梯田的过程中,土壤受到了较大扰动,导致土壤结构的破坏,从而影响了土壤的碳储存能力[26]。本研究土壤碳增汇量(21 826.69 t C)与植被碳增汇量(21 792.79 t C)几乎持平,而其他研究中土壤碳增汇量通常明显高于植被碳增汇量,这一差异源于黄土丘陵区土壤贫瘠(基线土壤碳密度仅22.03 t/hm2),而水土保持措施显著促进了植被生长(植被碳密度从0提升至9.37 t/hm2),导致植被碳增汇贡献凸显。
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