1.Key Laboratory of Hydrology and Ecology of the Yellow River Delta,Dongying Hydrology Center,Dongying,Shandong 257000,China
2.Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station,College of Forestry,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai′an,Shandong 271000,China
3.Collaborative Innovation Center for Soil and Water Conservation and Grassland Ecological Conservation in the Yellow River Basin of Shandong Higher Education Institutions,Dongying,Shandong 257000,China
Objective This study aims to investigate the evolution of wetland landscape patterns in the Yellow River Delta and the mechanisms by which they affect water quality, and to identify the critical thresholds between landscape ecological risk and water quality response, thereby providing a scientific basis for ecological risk early warning and precise management in this region. Methods Based on multi-source remote sensing data from 2015 to 2024, this study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution and ecological risk characteristics of the wetland landscape at the optimal analysis scale (grain size: 100 m, extent: 1 km) by integrating landscape pattern analysis, the moving window method, and land use transition matrices. Random forest regression and constraint line analysis were employed to reveal the nonlinear mechanisms by which landscape structure affects water quality. Results (1) The wetland landscape in the study area showed a pronounced trend of artificialization, with constructed wetlands accounting for 61.83%~68.25%, of which reservoirs and ponds were the dominant type. Transitions between wetland types were active, with the largest conversion area occurring between reservoirs/ponds and river wetlands (180.38 km2), while muddy beaches exhibited the highest dynamic degree (8.17%). (2) Landscape ecological risk was primarily at medium and relatively low levels, with natural wetlands presenting significantly lower risk than constructed wetlands. The evolution of risk demonstrated a phased pattern of “increase-decrease-rebound” with change rates ranging from 0 to 5.35%. (3) A critical threshold range (0.055~0.062) was identified in the response of water quality to landscape ecological risk. Below this threshold, the regulatory response of the system to maintain water quality stability intensified at an accelerating rate as risk increased. Beyond it, however, the trend shifted toward deterioration. Conclusion The optimal-scale landscape risk assessment framework proposed in this study, along with the identified ecological thresholds, not only deepens the understanding of the coupled “pattern-process-risk” mechanism in coastal wetlands but also provides theoretical and methodological support for ecological management and restoration in the Yellow River Delta and similar regions.
式中:ERI i 为风险网格i的景观生态风险指数;Ri 为景观损失度指数;A ki 为第k个风险网格中景观类型i的面积;Ak 为第k个风险网格的总面积;n为景观类型数量。将研究区4期的景观生态风险进行克里金插值,运用自然断点法对研究区进行风险等级统一划分,共划分为5个等级:低风险区、较低生态风险区、中生态风险值、较高生态风险值、高生态风险值[22]。
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