Objective This study reveals the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of agricultural drought hazard across monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales in Guizhou Province, thereby providing scientific guidance for optimizing agricultural layout and drought prevention planning. Methods Based on the theory of natural disaster risk, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for agricultural drought hazard was constructed from the perspectives of disaster-causing environmental hazard, disaster-forming environmental sensitivity, and vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies. The weighted overlay model, the entropy weight method, and the analytic hierarchy process were used to conduct a dynamic assessment and zoning of agricultural drought hazard in Guizhou Province across monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales. Results (1) The spatial distribution of agricultural drought hazard exhibited significant seasonal characteristics, characterized by higher hazard levels in western Guizhou during spring and in eastern Guizhou during summer. (2) The average agricultural drought hazard index values at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales ranged from 0.37 to 0.41, indicating an overall moderate hazard level. (3) The western, southern, and northeastern regions were high-risk concentration areas and key zones for prevention and control. Conclusion The spatial patterns of agricultural drought hazard in Guizhou during spring and summer are highly consistent with the frequency distribution of agricultural drought occurrences at the county level, which validates the reliability and practical guidance value of the evaluation indicators and methodology. These findings can provide a scientific basis for agricultural drought risk management, optimization of adaptive cropping systems, and seasonal water resource allocation in Guizhou Province.
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