Objective A comparative study is conducted on the spatiotemporal evolution of ecological vulnerability and differences in its driving factors among different soil and water conservation functional zones within the same watershed, thereby providing a scientific reference for watershed ecological restoration according to zone-specific conditions. Methods Based on the Sensitivity-Resilience-Pressure (SRP) model, an ecological vulnerability assessment system was constructed to evaluate the ecological vulnerability of different soil and water conservation zones in the Poyang Lake watershed from 2005 to 2023. The vulnerability levels were classified using net primary productivity data of vegetation. The optimal-parameter geodetector was used to identify the driving mechanisms of ecological vulnerability in different soil and water conservation zones. Results (1) The human settlement improvement zone and ecological conservation and restoration zone were mainly characterized by slight and mild vulnerability, with the combined area exceeding 70%; high vulnerability was mainly distributed in the ecological engineering governance zone, with an area proportion greater than 20%. (2) The changes in the area of ecological vulnerability in the four zones were significantly different. The area of severe ecological vulnerability in the farmland and wetland water regulation zone increased by 13.9%, indicating significant ecological degradation; the ecological engineering governance zone followed, with the area of low vulnerability increasing by 12.9%, indicating a mitigation of vulnerability; the human settlement improvement zone ranked third, with the area of slight vulnerability increasing by 23.4%, but the area of severe vulnerability also increased by 3.4%, showing a polarization of ecological conditions; the ecological conservation and restoration zone had changes in the area of each vulnerability level less than 10%, indicating a stable ecosystem structure. (3) The dominant factors of ecological vulnerability in the four zones were different: the human settlement improvement zone was mainly regulated by climate, vegetation, and human factors; the farmland and wetland water regulation zone was jointly affected by land use patterns and vegetation factors; the ecological conservation and restoration zone was dominated by climate, soil erosion intensity, and vegetation factors; the ecological engineering governance zone was influenced by topography, soil erosion intensity, and vegetation factors in a coordinated manner. Conclusion The spatiotemporal patterns and evolution trends of ecological vulnerability in different soil and water conservation functional zones in the Poyang Lake watershed are significantly different, and the driving factors show obvious regional characteristics. Among them, vegetation factors are the common key factors affecting the ecological vulnerability of each zone. Ecological restoration in the watershed should implement differentiated governance strategies based on the characteristics of each zone.
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