“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的创新临床应用与前景展望

左邦佑 ,  杨冲 ,  游欣雨 ,  何谦 ,  程东辉 ,  邱国腾 ,  李德新 ,  伍刚 ,  张宇

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (01) : 69 -76.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (01) : 69 -76. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.260012
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“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的创新临床应用与前景展望

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Auxiliary liver transplantation using discarded liver: innovative clinical applications and future perspectives

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摘要

“废弃肝”是指从切除病肝上分离出的功能肝段,其作为小体积移植物应用于辅助性肝移植为扩大供肝来源提供新的思路。近年来,随着“废弃肝”概念的进一步拓展延伸,“废弃肝”移植与分期肝切除等术式的合理结合应用,以及异种移植领域的快速发展,“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植为移植等待患者提供了更多的治疗选择方案。而如何实现“废弃肝”的创新临床应用,其进一步推广的前景与方向,是肝移植领域需要关注的重要课题。本文结合国内外研究进展及作者团队的临床实践,系统总结“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的技术演变与应用现状,重点讨论其创新术式、“废弃肝”与异种移植相结合的潜在临床价值,并对该技术的安全实施及个体化手术决策提出展望。

Abstract

Discarded liver refers to functional liver segments separated from resected diseased livers. When used as small-volume grafts in auxiliary liver transplantation, discarded livers provide a novel strategy for expanding the donor pool. In recent years, with the further extension of the discarded liver concept, the rational integration of discarded liver transplantation with staged hepatectomy and other surgical techniques, together with rapid advances in the field of xenotransplantation, has offered additional therapeutic options for patients awaiting liver transplantation. How to achieve innovative clinical applications of discarded livers, as well as the prospects and directions for their wider adoption, has become an important issue in the field of liver transplantation. Based on current domestic and international evidence and the authors'clinical experience, this paper systematically summarizes the technical evolution and current applications of auxiliary liver transplantation using discarded livers, with a particular focus on innovative surgical strategies, the potential clinical value of combining discarded liver transplantation with xenotransplantation, and future perspectives on the safe implementation and individualized surgical decision-making of this approach.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝移植 / 废弃肝 / 联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术 / 移植,异种

Key words

Liver Transplantation / Discarded Liver / Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy / Transplantation, Heterologous

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左邦佑,杨冲,游欣雨,何谦,程东辉,邱国腾,李德新,伍刚,张宇. “废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的创新临床应用与前景展望[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2026, 35(01): 69-76 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.260012

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供肝短缺限制了肝移植的发展,如何扩大供肝来源成为学术界的难题[1-3]。从切除病肝上分离出的功能肝段,称之为“废弃肝”,将其作为小体积移植物用于辅助性肝移植,在一定程度上缓解了供肝短缺的情况[4-5]。“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植通过“时间换空间”的策略,利用肝脏强大的再生能力,既为移植“废弃肝”功能恢复与体积增长提供了缓冲期,也为后续治疗创造了可能性,这尤其为因门静脉高压、血栓等复杂情况无法耐受传统移植手术,以及术后小肝综合征的肝病患者带来新的生机。
近年来,国内外学者将“废弃肝”与“亲属肝”组合的双供肝移植、“废弃肝”结合联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy,ALPPS)的创新结合[6],以及“废弃肝”供肝来源的思维拓展[7-8]等,为“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植术式创新与临床应用注入了新的活力。同时,近年来的异种辅助性肝移植[9]以及“废弃肝”的体外“外挂”等也为终末期肝病患者的救治提出了新的思路。笔者基于自身团队经验,总结“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的创新临床应用前景,旨在为该技术的个体化手术抉择提出展望。

1 “废弃肝”来源的思考与展望

传统“废弃肝”供肝多来自病肝切除后剩余的功能肝段,且多源自良性肝占位[10-11]。例如,对包括肝脏局灶结节增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)或肝血管瘤等良性包块行解剖性肝切除后在器官冷保存条件下剔除病灶,将修整完毕的剩余功能肝段作为“废弃肝”小体积移植物,完成原位或异位的辅助性肝移植[12]。这种方式能一定程度上缓解供肝紧缺的矛盾,然而却面临扩大手术指征的伦理学风险。例如,对诊断明确、肿瘤直径<10 cm且不合并危险因素的肝血管瘤,一般建议观察而非积极手术[13];同时,如诊断明确的FNH不合并有快速增长和(或)压迫症状等,也不建议积极手术治疗[14]。而即使需要手术治疗的患者,是否可通过合理手术预案达到局部病灶切除,而非合并功能肝段的解剖性肝切除,以降低术后患者肝功能衰竭的风险,也是临床探讨的重点。因此,临床“废弃肝”来源需严格评估供体方的手术指征,防止“为需要废弃而废弃”的情况。

笔者认为,“废弃肝”应严格界定为因需行病灶根治切除,或因抢救生命而必须牺牲的部分功能肝段,一般应来自良性疾病。除上述具备手术指征的FNH或肝血管瘤等疾病外,笔者团队通过微创对右肝胆管开口狭窄合并胆管结石的患者行右半肝切除,将切除的半肝行体外冷灌注、胆道取石、胆管成型为“废弃肝”,为1例因反复呕血的肝硬化患者行异位辅助性肝移植,取得较好效果[8]。此外,外伤性肝脏也可作为“废弃肝”的供肝。Dokmak等[15]从肝脏枪伤患者获取的“废弃肝”,可安全作为原位辅助性肝移植供肝。基于此思路,笔者也观察到部分外伤性肝破裂出血的患者,因抢救生命行包括半肝在内的毁损肝段切除,其切除的“废弃肝”可分离出相对解剖完整的功能肝段,经体外修复后可作为小体积辅助性肝移植供体的条件,缓解临床供肝短缺的问题(图1)。

除外伤与良性疾病外,部分特殊疾病来源“废弃肝”上分离的功能肝段是否能作为小体积移植物,是另一需要关注的重点。肝泡型棘球蚴病(hepatic alveolar echinococcosis,HAE)是一类人畜共患寄生虫病,其虽具有类似于恶性肿瘤的侵袭性与转移性特征(又称“虫癌”),但其恶性生物学特性远远低于肝脏恶性肿瘤[16-17]。因此,对终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分较高,近期又无法获得合适供肝的病危患者,能否将HAE切除后的“废弃肝”作为小体积移植物作为辅助性肝移植,是需要关注的重要问题。笔者近期对合并HAE的患者行右半肝切除,将切除的“废弃肝”通过体外灌注后剔除病灶,并将剩余的肝脏修补为一完整功能肝段,将其异位移植于患儿脾窝,成功挽救该例合并门静脉海绵样变并长期呕血的患儿生命[7]。通过1年随访,患儿目前尚无HAE复发转移迹象。通过文献检索,国外也有棘球蚴病患者作为同种异体肝移植的报道[18-21],而将棘球囊肿来源的“废弃肝”用于辅助性肝移植,尚属首次并取得较好效果。因此,HAE能否作为“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的合理供体来源仍需进一步探索,而将其作为一种边缘供肝挽救濒危患者生命,仍具有一定的合理性。

2 “废弃肝”辅助性肝移植的临床创新应用

辅助性肝移植主要目的为解决供肝不足,而“废弃肝”的最大缺陷为体积限制可能导致的小肝综合征[22]。对于超重且供肝体积不足的肝移植等待患者,“废弃肝”作为辅助供肝,恰能避免肝体积不足导致的移植术后肝功能衰竭风险。Xiao等[23]将“废弃肝”与亲属供肝作为双供肝,成功救治1例超重肝功能衰竭患者,为“废弃肝”的临床应用拓新思路。朱志军教授团队首创多米诺交叉性辅助性肝移植,用于治疗两种不同、但缺陷可互补的代谢病,两部分肝脏在同一个体内共同工作,功能互补,理论上能重建一个完整的肝功能。

然而,临床依然面临大量需切除原始病肝的移植患者,在异体供肝不足的前提下,如何实现“废弃肝”由“辅助”安全过渡至“主导”功能,并最终发挥移植肝的作用,是拓宽供肝来源的重要课题。随着外科技术与理念的进步,国内外学者将辅助性肝移植与包括分期肝切除在内的多种创新术式结合,给“废弃肝”提供了“休养生息”的机会,在分步完整切除病肝的同时,也为“废弃肝”在远期发挥主导作用提供了支撑,进一步拓宽了“废弃肝”的临床应用范畴。针对结直肠癌肝转移的患者,Ravaioli等[24]通过将1例左外叶“废弃肝”异位移植于结直肠癌肝转移患者的脾窝,待辅助肝体积增长至一定程度,再完整切除受者全肝,通过分期手术完整切除病灶,“废弃肝”则在异位发挥移植肝功能。Wang等[6]在此基础上更进一步,将“废弃肝”原位移植于左外叶,结合ALPPS术,在2周后切除原有右肝达到肿瘤根治切除目的的同时,辅助性移植的“废弃肝”也达到相应体积,安全度过体积增长期,该术式为肝癌患者肝移植提供了新的供肝选择方案,有效突破了肝源严重短缺的困境。

除上述适宜用于移植的功能肝段外,肝胆外科仍有大量虽不适宜用于肝移植,但功能完好的病肝,这类“废弃肝”能否“变废为宝”用于濒死患者的临床救治,是需要探讨的重要方向。何晓顺教授团队将切除的功能近乎完好的多囊肝通过体外器官养护系统行离体养护,将切下的多囊肝立即放入自主研发的多器官养护系统中,在体外模拟人体环境,为肝脏提供持续的血液灌注、氧气和营养,维持其正常生理功能和活力,使其“保持鲜活”,系统会实时监测胆汁生成、乳酸代谢等关键指标。最后,将养护好的“体外肝”通过血管管路系统,通过透析管路连接到肝功能衰竭患者的血液循环上,同时帮助患者降低血胆红素等毒素水平,改善全身状态,为后续接受最终的肝移植手术创造安全窗口期。利用该“外挂肝脏”提供全面的肝功能替代治疗,帮助患者度过肝功能衰竭凶险期,为后续实施肝移植创造条件,此外用于“外挂”的常温机械灌注系统(normothermic machine perfusion,NMP)本身也可以用于边缘供肝或不适合立即移植的低质量供肝的修复[25-26]。除多囊肝外,笔者通过对切除HAE标本的解剖观察,可见部分影像学明确受侵的管道仍维持其通畅性,说明合并血管受侵的切除肝脏也同样具备功能性“废弃肝”的特征(图2),能否将其应用于上述场景的濒死肝功能衰竭患者的救治,需要进一步临床与医学伦理的探讨。

3 异种移植“废弃肝”的临床应用前景

近年来,随着异种肝移植相关研究的开展,基因编辑猪来源的供肝用于人辅助肝移植乃至全肝移植显示出较大的临床应用前景[27-28]。Tao等[29]将基因编辑猪的肝脏辅助性移植于1例脑死亡患者体内,在研究期内移植猪肝在人体内存活并发挥功能,组织学检查结果也提示移植肝脏具备良好的再生能力,且没有出现排斥反应和纤维化的迹象,猪肝脏的微循环未受破坏,移植前后猪肝脏肝细胞的超微结构没有显著差异,并且没有观察到病毒颗粒,这些证据支持了移植的基因编辑猪肝脏在短期内未发生明显排斥反应的结论。而在此之前,该团队已有成功在脑死亡患者行全肝移植获得成功的报道。因此,在目前异种供肝尚无体内长期存活并发挥功能的前提下,将其作为一种辅助性的临时供肝,结合生物工程肝脏或体外循环装置,作为过渡方案为移植患者在等待期争取时间,似乎是一种更为容易接受的方案。

基因编辑异种肝移植后的排异与感染风险是限制其临床应用与推广的重要原因[30-31]。国内学者[9]将基因编辑猪的供肝用于右肝巨大肝癌切除术后的辅助性肝移植,术后患者存活171 d,提示基因工程猪肝用于大范围肝切除术后预防小肝综合征的应用前景。该患者在术后38 d因异种移植相关血栓性微血管病(transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy,TMA)而切除病肝,但首次将异种肝移植应用于临床,且短期内并未显示出排异与感染征象,说明经过基因编辑的异体供肝应用于临床的广阔前景。随着体外器官养护系统的临床应用[32],采用基因编辑猪来源的异种供肝作为“外挂肝”[33-35],产生类似于上述“废弃肝”的临床效果让肝功能衰竭患者安全度过移植等待期,或降低术后因肝功能衰竭而致的围手术期死亡率,有更广阔的使用前景。而作为需要丢弃的外挂异体肝,该方案也更易被患者接受,也避免了目前将异种肝直接移植于肝功能衰竭患者的临床伦理障碍。

目前,虽然异种肝移植展示出了广阔的临床应用前景,也为终末期肝病患者提供潜在解决方案带来曙光,但仍面临着巨大挑战。除免疫排斥、跨物种感染风险、动物肝脏合成的蛋白兼容性问题等[36-38],动物伦理问题也是不可忽视的环节[39]。同时,异种移植后是否会引发慢性炎症、肿瘤或免疫系统紊乱仍需长期观察,目前也缺乏临床数据支持[40-43]。因此,将异种供肝应用于临床,需在严格的监管与伦理审批下谨慎开展。随着基因工程与免疫学技术的进步,通过对基因编辑动物(如猪)的肝脏改造及免疫抑制方案的持续优化[44-46],异种供肝应用于临床将极大缓解供肝紧缺,将异种供肝灵活应用于包括“废弃肝”在内的多种临床场景,也将会为移植等待患者带来更大的临床获益[47-48]。现有有关“废弃肝”移植临床应用文献汇总详见表1

4 挑战与展望

目前,临床“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植以其独特的优势在肝移植领域展现出巨大的创新潜力和临床应用价值,从“废弃肝”来源的进一步概念拓展,辅助性肝移植与分期肝切除的创新术式应用,以及异种“废弃肝”的桥接治疗等,为肝移植等待患者提供了更多的治疗选择。然而临床“废弃肝”的进一步合理应用仍面临着相关挑战,例如:需进一步明确“废弃肝”定义,其功能肝的获取不能以改变术式或损伤供体权益为前提。同时,其他包括合并胆道狭窄的肝内胆管结石、HAE等多种良性疾病来源的“废弃肝”是否适宜用于辅助性肝移植及推广意义,也亟待进一步探索。笔者团队未来将继续深耕“废弃肝”领域,探讨“废弃肝”辅助性肝移植合理应用的适宜外科场景,为扩大供肝来源,造福移植患者贡献更大力量。

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基金资助

医工交叉联合基金(青年类)资助项目(ZYGX2025YGLH008)

四川省科技厅基金资助项目(2024NSFSC0748)

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