The advancement of coupled heat and moisture transfer (HAMT) theory has significantly improved the ability to analyse the hygrothermal response of building envelopes, providing a foundation for high-accuracy load prediction and quantitative assessment of moisture distribution. However, atmospheric longwave radiation (ALR), an important environmental factor that affects the heat and moisture exchange between buildings and their surroundings, has often been neglected in previous studies. Accordingly, this study employs a validated HAMT model driven by temperature and moisture content, combined with the typical meteorological year data of Hangzhou, a representative city in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) climate zone, to systematically evaluate the influence of ALR on the hygrothermal response of nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) envelopes. Results indicate that neglecting ALR leads to an overestimation of summer sensible loads by 7.0%-7.7% and an underestimation of latent loads by 1.7%-4.1%; in winter, the corresponding deviations are an underestimation of sensible loads by 6.4%-7.6% and an overestimation of latent loads by 1.8%-2.5%.In addition, this factor slightly increases the overall humidity of walls and reshapes the moisture accumulation pattern at thermal bridges. Under strong radiation, the scope of moisture accumulation expands marginally, with relative humidity rising by approximately 2%. For orientations with weak radiation, the humidity peak shifts outward, and under the influence of the “bimodal” temperature distribution, localized moisture accumulation forms on both sides of the thermal bridge, inducing water vapor condensation and increasing the risk of insulation layer detachment.
本文将采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件求解热湿耦合传递模型,而在此之前,须验证数值求解的准确性。为此,本文选用来自英国标准BS EN 15026∶2007的解析解案例[27],其描述了半无限均质材料在吸湿工况下的热湿传递过程。自吸湿开始后,材料内第7、30与365日的温度与含湿量分布列于表2内,可见模拟所得结果在各时刻中均落于上下限范围内,表明基于本文所用模型的数值模拟结果在该例中精度良好。
WANGYouwei. China's building energy efficiency efforts to peaking carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality[J]. Building Energy Efficiency, 2021, 49(1): 1-9.
XUEYucong, XIAOJianya, FANYifan, et al. Advance in coupled heat and moisture transfer study of building envelope towards net-zero energy building[J], Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 2026, 60(6): 1-18.
[7]
GAOT, GUOY, WUW, et al. Influence of overlooked environmental factors on analytical accuracy in hygrothermal response of building envelopes based on the coupled heat and moisture transfer theory [J]. Building and Environment, 2025, 285: 113648.
FUHao, LINGLi, QINMenghao. Evaluation of different thermal models for simulating building energy consumption in typical climate conditions[J]. Building Science, 2017, 33(2): 120-128.
CHENYouming, FANGAimin, LIUXiangwei, et al. Theory and application of coupled heat and moisture transfer in buildings[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2023.
[12]
XUEY, FANY, CHENS, et al. Heat and moisture transfer in wall-to-floor thermal bridges and its influence on thermal performance[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2023, 279: 112642.
[13]
XUEY, FANY, WANGZ, et al. Facilitator of moisture accumulation in building envelopes and its influences on condensation and mould growth[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2022, 277: 112528.
[14]
MARKVARTT, CASTAÑERL. McEvoy's handbook of photovoltaics[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd., 2018.
[15]
XIEX, LUOZ, GRIMMONDS, et al. Impact of inter-building longwave radiative exchanges on building energy performance and indoor overheating[J]. Building and Environment, 2022, 209.
[16]
VALLATIA, MAURIL, COLUCCIC, et al. Effects of radiative exchange in an urban canyon on building surfaces' loads and temperatures[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2017, 149: 260-271.
[17]
EVINSR, DORERV, CARMELIETJ. Simulating external longwave radiation exchange for buildings[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2014, 75: 472-482.
[18]
CHENJ, XUEF, JINX, et al. Simulation study on the effects of relative humidity (RH) on long-wave radiative heat gain in residential buildings[J]. Buildings, 2024, 14(12):3724.
[19]
DAOUASN. Impact of external longwave radiation on optimum insulation thickness in Tunisian building roofs based on a dynamic analytical model[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 136-148.
[20]
JÚNIORJML, CEBALLOSJC, COSTA SMSDA, et al. A physical parameterization for cloudy-sky downward longwave radiation: Validation for tropical and subtropical regions in Brazil[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2025, 271:106512
[21]
ZHAOC, ZHANGL, ZHANGY. All-sky longwave radiation modelling based on infrared images and machine learning[J]. Building and Environment, 2023, 238:110369.
China Academy of Building Research. Thermal bridge details and data for nearly zero energy buildings[M]. Beijing: China Building Materials Press, 2021.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Technical standard for nearly zero energy buildings: GB/T 51350—2019 [S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2019
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Thermal design code for civil building: GB/T 50176—2016 [S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2016.
[28]
KUMARANMK. Heat, air and moisture transfer in insulated envelope parts: Final report[R]. Leuven: International Energy Agency, 1996.
[29]
Green Rhino Energy. Official website[EB/OL].
[30]
ALGARNIS, NUTTERD. Survey of sky effective temperature models applicable to building envelope radiant heat transfer[J]. 2015: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4212.5526.
[31]
DE CRISTOE, EVANGELISTIL, GUATTARIC, et al. An experimental direct model for the sky temperature evaluation in the mediterranean area: A preliminary investigation[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(9):2228.
WUHao, WANGTijian, FANGHuan, et al. Impacts of aerosol on the urban heat island intensity in Nanjing[J]. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 2014, 37(4): 425-431.
[34]
陈孟栋. 动态聚光建筑表皮光电特性与热工性能研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2019.
[35]
CHENMengdong. Study on photoelectric and thermal properties of dynamic concentrating solar building skin[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2019.
British Standards Institution. Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements — Assessment of moisture transfer by numerical simulation: BS EN 15026-2007 [S]. London: British Standards Institution, 2007.
[38]
ZHOUX, DEROMED, CARMELIETJ. Robust moisture reference year methodology for hygrothermal simulations[J]. Building and Environment, 2016, 110: 23-35.
[39]
GEJ, XUEY, FANY. Methods for evaluating and improving thermal performance of wall-to-floor thermal bridges[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2021, 231: 110565.
[40]
LUJ, XUEY, XUW, et al. Interior panel selection for light-timber structure buildings under intermittent energy use: Balancing mould risk and energy efficiency[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025,111:113182.