This paper presents a bi-level model to address congestion pricing in a multi-modal transportation system. The upper level is an optimization model aiming to minimize the total social cost and determine the optimal congestion price for road segments. Meanwhile, the lower level is a doubly dynamical model including day-to-day traffic dynamics and within-day traffic dynamics. Solving the bi-level model employs a genetic algorithm. Three congestion pricing schemes are proposed and compared, namely no congestion pricing(NCP), congestion pricing for cars(CPC) and congestion pricing for both cars and car-sharing(CPCS). The results show that compared to the NCP, the CPC and CPCS result in a 17.44% and 14.89% reduction in private car trips, respectively. Additionally, the average travel times for private cars decrease by 7.54% and 30.18% under the CPC and CPCS, respectively. In the CPC scheme, car-sharing could generate maximum revenue and be the mode accounting for the largest share(39.97%) of the multi-modal transportation system.
依据出行模式(或路径)感知出行成本,日内演化首先采用Logit模型进行模式划分(步骤R1);进一步对选择私家车和共享汽车进行路径分配;接着计算路径和路段上各种模式的选择人数(步骤R2、R3),并依据BPR(Bureau of public roads)函数计算路段车辆的平均行驶车速(步骤R4)并更新各模式的实际出行时长和预测出行时长等参数(步骤R5)。日内演化为逐日交通演化提供了实际出行成本和预测出行成本等数据。
本文选用C-Logit模型对小汽车(私家车和共享汽车)进行路径分配。C-logit模型能在一定程度上克服选项之间的相关性,适用于需求对的若干路径间存在相互重叠路段的场景[10,11]。C-Logit的重要特点是引入公共因子,用以解释路径与其他路径间的重叠性和相关性。C-Logit模型关注路径之间的重叠,尽量消除出行者在出行路径选择中的IIA(Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives,独立性无关选择)特性。具体实现如下:
表5是3种收费方案下的系统评价指标表,分别对比了系统总出行成本(STTC)、公共汽车系统收入(Bus system revenue,BSR)、共享汽车系统收入(Shared vehicle systems revenue, SVSR)、拥堵收费收入(Congestion charge revenue, CCR)、小汽车总出行时间(Total travel time of cars, TTTC)、小汽车平均出行时间(Average travel time of cars, ATTC)。从整体来看,相比没有拥堵收费的方案(NCP),有拥堵收费的方案(CPC和CPCS)的总出行成本均有所增加(0.53%和2.48%),但系统的小汽车总出行时间(-22.82%和-55.34%)和平均出行时间(-7.54%和-30.18%)均有所降低。这说明拥堵收费增加了系统总出行成本,但可以有效地减少道路拥堵。
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