基底膜成分和结构对上皮细胞极化的作用及其机制研究进展

Research progress in role of composition and structure of basement membrane in epithelial cell polarization and its mechanism

摘要

基底膜是上皮与间充质之间特殊的细胞外基质。在复层上皮中，只有与基底膜接触的一层基底细胞具有顶底极性，不与基底膜接触的上皮细胞无顶底极性。基底膜在上皮细胞的极化中发挥重要作用。基底膜是多细胞生物体内重要的细胞外基质（ECM）结构，位于上皮和间充质之间，由上皮细胞和间充质细胞共同产生，主要成分包括层黏连蛋白（Laminin）、Ⅳ型胶原（Col-Ⅳ）、巢蛋白（NDG）和硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖（HSPG），不同成分对上皮细胞极性发挥不同的作用。Col-Ⅳ和Laminin构成的网状支架是基底膜的主要结构，基底膜结构的完整性会影响上皮细胞的极化。现从基底膜成分和结构两方面进行总结，重点阐述其对上皮细胞极化的作用及机制，同时归纳促进上皮细胞极化的仿基底膜材料应用现状，为进一步探索上皮细胞极性的建立和维持提供理论依据。

Abstract

The basement membrane is a specialized extracellular matrix between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. In stratified epithelium, only the basal cells in contact with the basement membrane exhibit the apical-basal polarity, whereas the epithelial cells do being not in contact with the basement membrane do not exhibit the apical-basal polarity. The basement membrane plays an important role in epithelial cell polarization. It is an important extracellular matrix (ECM) structure in the multicellular organisms, is situated between the epithelium and the mesenchyme, and is produced jointly by the epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells. Its components mainly include Laminin, type Ⅳ collagen (Col-Ⅳ), nidogen(NDG), and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), and each component plays the different role in influencing the epithelial cell polarity. The network scaffold formed by Col-Ⅳ and Laminin is the main structure of the basement membrane, and the integrity of the structure affects the epithelial cell polarization. This review summarizes the composition and structure of the basement membrane, focuses on its role in epithelial cell polarization and its mechanism, and compiles the current status of biomimetic basement membrane materials that promotes the epithelial cell polarization, and provides the theoretical foundation for further exploration of the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity.

关键词

基底膜 / 上皮细胞极性 / 顶端-基底极性 / 层黏连蛋白 / 间充质细胞

Key words

Basement membrane / Epithelial cell polarity / Apical-basal polarity / Laminin / Mesenchymal cell

Author summay

白雪颖（1996－），女，山东省淄博市人，住院医师，医学硕士，主要从事牙发育方面的研究。