右美托咪定对肠源性脓毒症大鼠小肠黏膜损伤的改善作用及其机制

杨堃 ,  付茜瑶 ,  孙永强 ,  杨坤 ,  蒙俊

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 855 -865.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 855 -865. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250401
基础研究

右美托咪定对肠源性脓毒症大鼠小肠黏膜损伤的改善作用及其机制

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Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on intestinal mucosal injury in rats with enterogenous sepsis and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨右美托咪定(DEX)对保护肠源性脓毒症大鼠肠道功能的影响,并基于E2F转录因子1(E2F1)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路初步探讨其潜在作用机制。 方法 60只SD大鼠,其中50只大鼠以盲肠结扎穿孔法建立肠源性脓毒症大鼠模型,其余10只大鼠作为假手术组,假手术组大鼠仅分离盲肠远端,不结扎和穿孔。将40只造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、低剂量DEX组、中剂量DEX组和高剂量DEX组,每组10只。低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠即刻腹腔注射20、40及60 μg·kg-1 DEX,假手术组和模型组大鼠腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水。给药24 h后检测各组大鼠肠道肌电活动情况,检测各组大鼠盲肠中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌菌落数,HE染色检测各组大鼠小肠组织的病理形态表现,试剂盒检测各组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)水平和血清中二胺氧化酶(DAO)及D-乳酸水平,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物mRNA表达水平,Western blotting法检测各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物和E2F1、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)及NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平。 结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率和振幅降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波振幅升高(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率及振幅升高(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率及振幅升高(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率和振幅升高(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数增加(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠肠道双歧杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05)。HE染色,假手术组大鼠小肠黏膜组织结构正常且完好;模型组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮细胞坏死,绒毛受损、塌陷、排列紊乱;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织的病理学明显改善。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平降低(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠血清中DAO水平降低(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),CD206、白细胞介素(IL-4)和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD80 mRNA、CD86蛋白和MCP-1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),IL-4 mRNA、CD163 mRNA、CD206蛋白和CD163蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平和p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05)。 结论 DEX对肠源性脓毒症大鼠小肠黏膜损伤具有改善作用,并促进小肠组织中巨噬细胞向M2型极化转变,其机制可能与DEX调控E2F1/NF-κB信号通路有关。

Abstract

Objective To discuss the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on intestinal function in rats with enterogenous sepsis, and to clarify its potential mechanism based on E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods Sixty SD rats were selected, among which 50 rats were used to establish enterogenous sepsis models by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and the remaining 10 rats were used as sham operation group (only cecal separation without ligation or puncture). The 40 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into model group, low dose of DEX group, medium, doses of DEX group, and high dose of DEX group, with 10 rats in each group. The rats in low, medium, and high dose of DEX groups were intraperitoneally injected with 20, 40 and 60 μg·kg-1 DEX immediately after modeling, while the rats in sham operation group and model group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of saline. After 24 h of administration, the intestinal myoelectric activities of the rats in various groups were detected; the colony counts of Escherichia coliLactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in cecal contents of the rats in various groups were detected; the pathomorphology of small intestinal tissue of the rats was observed by HE staining; the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in supernatant of small intestinal tissue homogenate and the levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid in serum of the rats in various groups were detected by kit; real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of macrophage polarization markers in small intestinal tissues of the rats in various groups; Western blotting method was used to detect the protein expression levels of macrophage polarization markers, E2F1, phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), and NF-κB p65 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in various groups. Results Compared with sham operation group, the slow wave frequency and amplitude of intestinal smooth muscle of the rats in model group were decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the slow wave amplitude of intestinal smooth muscle of the rats in low dose of DEX groups was increased (P<0.05), the slow wave frequency and amplitude of intestinal smooth muscle of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups were increased (P<0.05); compared with low dose of DEX group, the slow wave frequency and amplitude of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups were increased (P<0.05); compared with medium dose of DEX group, the slow wave frequency and amplitude of intestinal smooth muscle of the rats in high dose of DEX group were increased (P<0.05). Compared with sham operation group, the colony count of Escherichia coli in intestinal tract of the rats in model group was increased (P<0.05), while the colony counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the colony count of Bifidobacterium in intestinal tract of the rats in low dose of DEX group was decreased (P<0.05), the colony count of Escherichia coli in intestinal tract of the rats in medium, and high doses of DEX groups was decreased (P<0.05), while the colony counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were increased (P<0.05); compared with low dose of DEX group, the colony count of Escherichia coli in intestinal tract of the rats in medium and high dose of DEX groups was decreased (P<0.05), while the colony counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were increased (P<0.05); compared with medium dose of DEX group, the colony count of Escherichia coli in intestinal tract of the rats in high dose of DEX group was decreased (P<0.05), while the colony counts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were increased (P<0.05). The HE staining results showed that the small intestinal mucosal structure in sham operation group was normal and intact; the small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells in model group were necrotic, with damaged, collapsed and disordered villi; Compared with model groups, the pathological changes of small intestinal tissues in low, medium, and high doses of DEX groups were improved. Compared with sham operation group, the level of sIgA in supernatant of small intestinal tissue homogenate of the rats in model group was decreased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of DAO and D-lactic acid in serum were increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the level of DAO in serum of the rats in low dose of DEX groups was decreased (P<0.05), the level of sIgA in supernatant of small intestinal tissue homogenate of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups was increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of DAO and D-lactic acid in serum were decreased (P<0.05); compared with low dose of DEX group, the level of sIgA in supernatant of small intestinal tissue homogenate of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups was increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of DAO and D-lactic acid in serum were decreased (P<0.05); compared with medium dose of DEX group, the level of sIgA in supernatant of small intestinal tissue homogenate of the rats in high dose of DEX group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of DAO and D-lactic acid in serum were decreased (P<0.05). The RT-qPCR results and Western blotting results showed that compared with sham operation group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD86, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CD80 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in model group were increased (P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD206, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and, CD163 were decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the expression levels of CD80 mRNA, CD86 protein and MCP-1 protein in small intestinal tissue of the rats in low dose of DEX group were decreased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of IL-4 mRNA, CD163 mRNA, CD206 protein, and CD163 protein were decreased (P<0.05), the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD86, MCP-1, and CD80 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups were decreased (P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD206, IL-4 and CD163 were increased (P<0.05); compared with low dose of DEX group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD86, MCP-1, and CD80 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups were decreased (P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD206, IL-4, and CD163 were increased (P<0.05); compared with medium dose of DEX group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD86, MCP-1, and CD80 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in high dose of DEX group were decreased (P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD206, IL-4, and CD163 were increased (P<0.05). The Western blotting results showed that compared with sham operation group, the protein expression level of E2F1 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in model group was decreased (P<0.05), while the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 was increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the protein expression levels of E2F1 and ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in low, medium and high doses of DEX groups were decreased (P<0.05); compared with low dose of DEX group, the protein expression level of E2F1 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in medium and high doses of DEX groups was increased (P<0.05), while the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 was decreased (P<0.05); compared with medium dose of DEX group, the protein expression level of E2F1 in small intestinal tissue of the rats in high dose of DEX group was increased (P<0.05), while the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 was decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion DEX can improve the small intestinal mucosal injury in the rats with enterogenous sepsis and promote the polarization of macrophages to M2 type in small intestinal tissues, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of E2F1/NF-κB signaling pathway by DEX.

Graphical abstract

关键词

右美托咪定 / E2F转录因子1 / 核因子κB / 巨噬细胞极化 / 肠源性脓毒症

Key words

Dexmedetomidine / E2F transcription factor 1 / Nuclear factor kappa B / Macrophage polarization / Enterogenous sepsis

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
杨堃,付茜瑶,孙永强,杨坤,蒙俊. 右美托咪定对肠源性脓毒症大鼠小肠黏膜损伤的改善作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2025, 51(04): 855-865 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250401

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肠源性脓毒症是一种特殊类型的脓毒症,是由肠道损伤或隐匿性肠道感染引起的一种全身性反应1。目前肠源性脓毒症发病的具体机制尚不明确,患者发病后病情进展迅速,病死率高2。对于肠源性脓毒症,临床常选用抗感染、营养支持和血管活性药物进行对症治疗,尚无针对肠源性脓毒症的有效治疗措施3。右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)是一种α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,是临床常用的镇静药物4。研究5-6显示:DEX具有较好的抗肠源性脓毒症效果,但其具体作用机制尚未明确。
巨噬细胞极化与脓毒症进展密切相关,通过抑制巨噬细胞的M1型极化(促炎)、促进巨噬细胞的M2型极化(抗炎)能有效缓解脓毒症导致的器官损伤7。E2F转录因子1(E2F transcription factor 1,E2F1)是E2F家族成员之一,也是研究最多的成员,其活性受到DNA损伤检查点的严格调控,在需要时调节细胞周期进程并启动程序性细胞死亡8。研究9显示:通过调控E2F1/核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路可以介导巨噬细胞极化缓解脓毒症导致的肠道屏障损伤。本研究构建肠源性脓毒症大鼠模型,探讨DEX是否通过调控E2F1/NF-κB信号通路介导的巨噬细胞极化保护肠源性脓毒症大鼠的肠道功能。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、药物、主要试剂和仪器

雄性SD大鼠,8~9周龄,体质量270~320 g,SPF级,适应性喂养7 d后开始实验,造模前12 h大鼠禁食不禁水。DEX(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司);苏木素和伊红(美国Sigma公司);分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)、二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)和D-乳酸的酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒(北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司);TRIzol试剂,CD86、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、CD80、CD206、白细胞介素4(interleukin-4,IL-4)、CD163和GAPDH的PCR引物,PrimeScript RT试剂盒,SYBR PCR扩增试剂,磷酸化NF-κB p65(phosphorylated NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB p65、E2F1、GADPH兔源一抗、辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗、伊红美蓝琼脂(Eosin methylene blue agar,EMB)平板、乳酸菌选择性琼脂(Lactobacilli selection agar,LBS)平板和亚硫酸铋琼脂(Bismuth sulfite agar,BS)平板(天津伊特生命科学研发有限公司),CD86、MCP-1、CD80、CD206、IL-4和CD163兔源一抗(美国Abcam公司)。BL-420F型生物机能实验系统(成都泰盟软件有限公司),倒置荧光显微镜(日本Nikon公司),蛋白电泳及转膜仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。

1.2 肠源性脓毒症模型大鼠的制备、实验动物分组及给药

60只SD大鼠,随机选取其中50只以盲肠结扎穿孔法建立肠源性脓毒症大鼠模型,其余10只作为假手术组,假手术组大鼠仅分离盲肠远端,不进行结扎和穿孔。造模方法10如下:腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1、1%戊巴比妥钠以麻醉大鼠,开腹分离盲肠,在距盲肠末端1/3处结扎,并以18号针头于盲肠末端穿孔,使少许肠内物流至腹腔后逐层缝合,观察大鼠活动,当其出现精神萎靡、少动、心率加快,血压下降视为造模成功,经评估有40只大鼠造模成功。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、低剂量DEX组、中剂量DEX组和高剂量DEX组,每组10只,低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠即刻腹腔注射20、40及60 μg·kg-1 DEX5-6,假手术组和模型组大鼠腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水。

1.3 各组大鼠回肠肌电活动情况检测

给药24 h后检测大鼠肠道肌电活动,大鼠麻醉后开腹,于距离回盲部约2 cm处的回肠上置入银针电极,测量电极置于肠壁浆肌层,参考电极置于皮下,以生物机能实验系统记录肠道平滑肌电活动,扫描速度设为1.0 s·div-1,电增益为500 mV,时间常数为3 s,高频滤波为20 Hz,共记录30 min。Power/Lab软件系统Chart5 for windows统计各组大鼠回肠肌电活动情况。

1.4 各组大鼠肠道中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌菌落数检测

肠道肌电活动检测结束后,以无菌方法取各组大鼠盲肠内容物0.2~0.4 g,稀释1×106倍,然后各取菌液50 μL接种于EMB、LBS和BS平板上,分别用于鉴定并计数大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌,37 ℃培养48 h后,观察结果并计算菌落数。

1.5 HE染色观察各组大鼠小肠组织病理形态表现

采用4%多聚甲醛固定小肠组织并制作石蜡切片。石蜡切片脱蜡、复水、HE染色、脱水、透明,中性树脂封片,倒置荧光显微镜下观察各组大鼠小肠组织病理形态表现。

1.6 采用试剂盒检测各组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平以及血清中DAO和D-乳酸水平

取大鼠小肠组织,剪碎,加入蛋白裂解液,匀浆,4 ℃、3 500 r·min-1离心15 min,取上清,采用sIgA ELISA试剂盒检测大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA蛋白水平;取血清,采用DAO和D-乳酸ELISA试剂盒检测血清中DAO和D-乳酸水平。

1.7 RT-qPCR法检测各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物mRNA表达水平

取小肠组织剪碎,TRIzol法提取小肠组织总RNA,检测RNA纯度。采用PrimeScript RT试剂盒将RNA反转录为cDNA,采用SYBR PCR试剂扩增cDNA,2-△△Ct法计算各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物mRNA表达水平,以GAPDH为内参。大鼠目的基因mRNA引物序列:CD86-F 5'-TCTGCT-GCTGTAACAGGGACTA-3',CD86-R 5'-TAG-GTTCTGGGTAACCGTGTAT-3';MCP-1-F 5'- ATGCAGTTAACGCCCCACTC-3',MCP-1-R 5'- GCACAGACCTCTCTCTTGAGC-3';CD80-F 5'- CATCACTGGAGGGTCTTCTAC-3',CD80-R 5'- AGGATCTTGGGAAACTGTTGT-3';CD206-F 5'-GCTAAATGGGAAAATCTGGAATGTT-3',CD206-R 5'-CGATGGTGTGGATACTTGTGA-GG-3';IL-4-F 5'-GAACACCACGGAGAACGAG-3',IL-4-R 5'-AGA-CCGCTGACACCTCTACA-3';CD163-F 5'-TTTTGTCAACCAGTTCTCTT-GGA-3',CD163-R 5'-AGCCATTATTACACAC-GTTCC-3';GADPH-F 5'-TGAAGCAGGCATCT-GAGGG-3',GADPH-R 5'-CGAAGGTGGAAGA-GTGGGAG-3'。

1.8 Western blotting法检测各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物和E2F1、p-NF-κB p65及NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平

取大鼠小肠组织剪碎、超声裂解,加入TRAP蛋白裂解液冰上裂解10 min,BCA蛋白定量法测定蛋白浓度,蛋白样品加等体积的变性液,煮沸10 min。加样、电泳、转膜、封闭2 h、一抗孵育过夜、二抗孵育1 h、显影,Image J软件进行半定量分析。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/GAPDH蛋白条带灰度值。

1.9 统计学分析

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率和振幅,各组大鼠盲肠组织中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌菌落数,各组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平和血清中DAO及D-乳酸水平,各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物mRNA和蛋白表达水平,各组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平和p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 各组大鼠回肠肌电活动

与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率和振幅降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波振幅升高(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率及振幅升高(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率及振幅升高(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道平滑肌慢波频率和振幅升高(P<0.05)。见表1

2.2 各组大鼠肠道中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌菌落数

与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠肠道中大肠埃希菌菌落数增加(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠肠道双歧杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数减少(P<0.05),双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数增加(P<0.05)。见表2

2.3 各组大鼠小肠组织病理形态表现

假手术组大鼠小肠黏膜组织结构正常且完好;模型组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮细胞坏死,绒毛受损、塌陷、排列紊乱;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织病理形态明显改善。见图1

2.4 各组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平和血清中DAO及D-乳酸水平

与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平降低(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠血清中DAO水平降低(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平升高(P<0.05),血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。见表3

2.5 各组大鼠小肠组织中巨噬细胞极化标志物mRNA和蛋白表达水平

与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和 CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD80 mRNA、CD86蛋白和MCP-1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),IL-4 mRNA、CD163 mRNA、CD206蛋白和CD163蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),见图2表4表5

2.6 各组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平和 p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值

与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平及p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05);与低剂量DEX组比较,中和高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05);与中剂量DEX组比较,高剂量DEX组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低(P<0.05)。见图3表6

3 讨 论

病理情况下肠道细菌及其细菌产物可通过受损的肠黏膜屏障迁移到肠系膜淋巴组织、淋巴液、血液和肠外组织器官,发生肠源性脓毒症11-12。近期的流行病学研究13-14显示:肠源性脓毒症患者的病死率高达25%~30%。肠源性脓毒症的肠屏障功能损伤与肠上皮细胞凋亡、肠黏膜通透改变、肠道菌群生态失衡和肠道免疫屏障作用减弱等因素有关15。对于肠源性脓毒症的治疗,现代医学主要集中在抗感染、护胃和肠道菌群调整等方面,无法从根本上改善患者胃肠道功能,并且随着抗生素耐药性加重、机械通气的使用和人工心肺肾代替技术的开展,对胃肠道功能易造成进一步损伤16。因此,寻找能有效改善肠源性脓毒症患者胃肠道功能的药物是临床上亟需解决的问题。DEX是一种新型镇静药物,主要通过高选择性激活α2肾上腺素能受体发挥镇静、镇痛和中枢性抗交感等作用,被广泛应用于临床麻醉和重症监护治疗病房4。DEX具有治疗肠源性脓毒症的作用,徐颖等5研究显示:DEX可以抑制肠源性脓毒症大鼠肠道的炎症反应和凋亡,具有保护其肠道屏障功能。王玥等6研究显示:DEX可通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路降低炎症反应,并上调紧密连接蛋白对肠源性脓毒症大鼠的肠黏膜屏障产生保护作用,但DEX治疗肠源性脓毒症的具体分子机制尚未明确,仍需进一步研究。

本研究结果显示:DEX能够缓解模型组大鼠小肠黏膜的上皮细胞坏死,绒毛受损、塌陷和排列紊乱等小肠组织的病理性损伤,表明大鼠肠源性脓毒症模型能够引起小肠黏膜损伤。肠道平滑肌的电活动能是评价肠道蠕动功能的重要指标,慢波是胃肠道平滑肌兴奋时的电活动,其频率和振幅与胃肠道平滑肌的收缩功能呈正相关关系17。本文作者发现:模型组大鼠肠道平滑肌的慢波频率和振幅降低,DEX治疗能明显提升模型组大鼠肠道平滑肌的慢波频率和振幅,表明DEX能够提升模型组大鼠的肠道蠕动功能。肠源性脓毒症患者的肠道菌群会发生紊乱,大肠埃希菌等有害菌的数量增加,而双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等有益菌的数量减少18。本研究结果显示:模型组大鼠肠道大肠埃希菌菌落数明显升高,双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌落数显著降低,DEX治疗后能逆转此结果,表明DEX具有纠正模型组大鼠的肠道菌群紊乱的功能。sIgA是肠道相关淋巴组织产生的特异性免疫球蛋白,可阻碍革兰阴性菌与肠道上皮细胞受体结合,同时刺激肠道黏液的分泌并加速黏液层的流动,可有效阻止细菌黏附于肠黏膜19。DAO为小肠黏膜上层绒毛中的细胞酶,当小肠黏膜组织结构受损时,可大量释放入血,因此,DAO是评价小肠黏膜受损程度的重要指标20。D-乳酸是肠道细菌的酵解产物,因感染、缺血和创伤性休克引起肠道功能障碍均可导致其在血清中水平升高21。本文作者发现:模型组大鼠小肠组织匀浆上清中sIgA水平降低,血清中DAO和D-乳酸蛋白水平升高,DEX治疗后能逆转此结果,表明DEX能提升模型组大鼠的肠道免疫功能并缓解肠道损伤和肠道菌群紊乱,提示DEX具有良好的保护模型组大鼠肠道功能的作用。

经典激活(M1型)和选择性激活(M2型)代表巨噬细胞的2种极化状态,M1型巨噬细胞具有促炎效应,M2型巨噬细胞则具有抑炎效应22。脓毒症的发病机制与免疫稳态具有复杂联系,早期的特点是过度的全身炎症反应,随后是宿主免疫系统与病原体之间的动态相互作用,在这个过程中,巨噬细胞发挥至关重要的作用,研究23显示:M1型巨噬细胞产生的较高浓度的循环细胞因子与脓毒症死亡率呈正相关关系。YANG等24发现:青蒿琥酯通过抑制巨噬细胞的M1型极化减轻败血症所致肝损伤。SHIMIZU等25研究显示:细胞外冷诱导型RNA结合蛋白可通过激活Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路诱导巨噬细胞向M1型极化介导脓毒症的炎症与器官损伤。在大鼠中,CD86和CD80是M1型巨噬细胞标志物,MCP-1是M1型巨噬细胞的分泌物,CD206和CD163是M2型巨噬细胞标志物,IL-4是M2型巨噬细胞的分泌物26。本研究结果显示:模型组大鼠小肠组织中CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高,CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低,DEX作用后CD86、MCP-1和CD80 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低,CD206、IL-4和CD163 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高,表明DEX能抑制模型组大鼠小肠组织中的巨噬细胞向M1型转变、促进其向M2型转变而对抗肠源性脓毒症。E2F1是一种公认的转录因子,参与调节基本的细胞过程27。研究28显示:E2F1通过下调NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平抑制NF-κB p65核易位,从而使NF-κB信号通路失活。ZHU等9研究显示:调控E2F1/NF-κB信号通路可以介导巨噬细胞极化缓解脓毒症导致的肠道屏障损伤。本研究结果显示:模型组大鼠小肠组织中E2F1蛋白表达水平降低,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值升高,DEX作用后E2F1蛋白表达水平升高,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值降低,表明DEX能通过调控E2F1/NF-κB信号通路对抗肠源性脓毒症。

综上所述,DEX对肠源性脓毒症大鼠小肠黏膜损伤具有改善作用,并促进小肠组织中巨噬细胞向M2型极化转变,其机制可能与DEX调控E2F1/NF-κB信号通路有关。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(82260371)

云南省科技厅基础研究计划项目(202201AY070001-075)

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