血清总胆汁酸水平在ApoE-/-小鼠心律失常发生中的作用

岳星 ,  李雪梅 ,  张寒潇 ,  左川弋 ,  朱莉娟 ,  吕菁 ,  张承舜 ,  曹新

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 879 -886.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (04) : 879 -886. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250403
基础研究

血清总胆汁酸水平在ApoE-/-小鼠心律失常发生中的作用

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Role of serum total bile acid level in development of arrhythmia in ApoE-/- mice

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摘要

目的 探讨长期高脂饮食引起载脂蛋白E敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠血清胆汁酸水平改变在室上心律失常(SVA)发生中的作用,并探讨其作用机制。 方法 将20只ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为正常饲料组和高脂饲料(HFD)组,每组10只,饲养20周后,采用体表心电图检查2组小鼠心脏电生理,超声心动图检测2组小鼠心脏收缩功能和结构,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测2组小鼠血清中血脂、总胆汁酸(TBA)和炎症因子水平,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色检测2组小鼠心脏炎症反应,Masson染色观察2组小鼠心肌纤维化程度。 结果 HFD组小鼠出现交界区早搏(JPB)/交界区心动过速(JT)4例、房性早搏(PAC)1例和室性早搏(PVC)1例,而正常饲料组小鼠仅出现JPB/JT和PAC各1例。与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠心率明显降低(P<0.05),收缩末期容积(ESV)、心室去极时间(QRS)和心室去极和复极总时间(QT)间期明显延长(P<0.05),射血分数(EF)和短轴缩短率(FS)降低(P<0.05),舒张末期容积(EDV)升高(P<0.05),但组间收缩末期容积(ESV)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),左心室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)和左心室收缩末期内径(LVIDs)增加(P<0.05),血浆中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-c)水平和体质量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),TBA水平升高(P<0.05),白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP-1)和趋化因子C-X-C基序配体1(CXCL-1)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HE染色,HFD与正常饲料组小鼠炎性细胞浸润相似。Masson染色,与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠纤维化有增加趋势,但心肌纤维化面积组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 长期高脂饮食可升高ApoE-/-小鼠血清TBA水平,可能引起SVA。

Abstract

Objective To discuss the role of changes of serum total bile acid (TBA) levels induced by long-term high-fat diet in the occurrence of supraventricular arrhythmia (SVA) in the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice, and to clarify its mechanism. Methods Twenty ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into normal diet group and high-fat diet (HFD) group (n=10); after 20 weeks of feeding, surface electrocardiogram was used to detect cardiac electrophysiology of the mice in various groups; echocardiography was used to detect cardiac systolic function and structure in the mice in various groups; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum levels of blood lipids, total bile acid (TBA) and inflammatory factors in the mice in various groups; hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to detect cardiac inflammatory response in the mice in various groups; Masson staining was used to observe myocardial fibrosis degree in the mice in various groups. Results Compared with normal diet group, 4 cases of junctional premature beat (JPB)/junctional tachycardia (JT), 1 case of premature atrial contraction (PAC) and 1 case of premature ventricular contraction (PVC) were found in HFD group, while only 1 case of JPB/JT and 1 case of PAC were found in normal diet group. Compared with normal diet group, the heart rate of the mice in HFD group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the QRS and QT intervals were significantly prolonged(P<0.05); the ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the end-diastolic volume (EDV) was increased (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in end-systolic volume(ESV) between groups (P>0.05); the left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd) and left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs) were significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) levels and body weight between normal diet group and HFD group (P>0.05). Compared with normal diet group, the TBA level of the mice in HFD group was significantly increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1) levels between HFD group and normal diet group. Compared with normal diet group, the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level in HFD group showed an increasing trend, but there was no significant difference between groups (P>0.05).The HE staining results showed that the inflammatory cell infiltration was similar between HFD group and normal diet group.The Masson staining results showed that compared with normal diet group, the fibrosis of the mice in HFD group showed an increasing trend, but there was no significant difference in myocardial fibrosis area between groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Long-term high-fat diet may increase serum TBA level in ApoE-/- mice, which may induce SVA.

Graphical abstract

关键词

高脂饮食 / 总胆汁酸 / 室上心律失常 / 炎症因子 / 心肌纤维化

Key words

High-fat diet / Total bile acid / Supraventricular arrhythmia / Inflammatory factor / Myocardial fibrosis

引用本文

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岳星,李雪梅,张寒潇,左川弋,朱莉娟,吕菁,张承舜,曹新. 血清总胆汁酸水平在ApoE-/-小鼠心律失常发生中的作用[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2025, 51(04): 879-886 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250403

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高脂血症在普通人群中的患病率很高,可诱发心脏重构,导致缺血性心脏病、室上心律失常(supraventricular arrhythmia,SVA)、室性心律失常和心力衰竭1-4。研究5-6显示:他汀类药物治疗可减少主要血管事件,包括冠状动脉事件、中风和冠状动脉血运重建术,但不能明显降低室性心动过速和心源性猝死的风险。研究7显示:在高脂饲料(high-fat diet,HFD)喂养的载脂蛋白E敲除(apolipoprotein E knockout,ApoE-/-)小鼠中氯化锰不能降低高血脂,但可以降低SVA,提示HFD诱导的高脂血症可能与心律失常无直接关系。HFD不仅引起血脂水平升高,还可以增强炎症反应8和升高胆汁酸(bile acid,BA)水平9。炎症是缺血性和非缺血性下心律失常的诱导因素10-11。炎症诱导细胞凋亡和纤维化等多种病理过程,为心律失常提供了基质。BA是调节心脏稳态的重要因素之一12。研究13显示:在肝内胆汁淤积症中,当母体总胆汁酸(total bile acid,TBA)水平升高时,胎儿的死亡率从0.28%增加至3.44%。本研究通过给予ApoE-/-小鼠正常饲料或HFD喂养20周,系统评估不同饮食干预对心脏电重构的影响,首次从长期饮食干预的角度,结合炎症因子和BA代谢,揭示上述因素在心脏电生理重构中的潜在作用,创新性地阐述了炎症和BA在其中的潜在作用机制,拓展了对SVA病理生理机制的理解。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

20只8周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠,体质量(25±2)g,购自成都药康生物科技有限公司,动物生产许可证号:SCXK(川)2020-034。小鼠酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定试剂盒购自江苏晶美生物科技有限公司,苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,HE)染色试剂盒和Masson染色试剂盒均购自金克隆(北京)生物技术有限公司。HFD(40.0%脂肪、20.0%蛋白质和40.0%碳水化合物,6.00 kcal·kg-1能量)购自南通特洛菲饲料科技有限公司,正常饲料(10.2%脂肪、38.4%蛋白质和51.4%碳水化合物,4.51 kcal·kg-1能量)购自成都达硕实验动物有限公司。超声心动图使用超声系统(美国 General Electric Co公司),配备i13L探头(12.0 MHz)进行采集,HE染色使用显微镜(日本NIKON公司),Masson染色使用显微镜(型号:NIKON ECLIPSE E100,日本NIKON公司)。

1.2 实验动物分组及处理

将20只ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为正常饲料组(n=10)和HFD组(n=10)。正常饲料组小鼠给予正常饲料,HFD组小鼠给予HFD,干预持续20周。

1.3 2组小鼠体表心电图检查

饲养20周后,对2组小鼠进行体表心电图检查。所有小鼠采用3%异氟醚在透明诱导盒中诱导麻醉,然后置于心电图记录平台上,通过1%异氟醚面罩维持麻醉,记录体表第Ⅱ导联心电图,统计小鼠SVA发生情况。

1.4 超声心动图检查2组小鼠心脏功能

饲养20周后,在1%异氟醚麻醉下对2组小鼠进行经胸超声心动图检查,以确定高脂血症对心脏结构和功能的影响。超声心动图采用超声系统于左心室短轴乳头肌水平切面采集数据。左心室射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)和短轴缩短率(fractional shortening,FS)由左心室壁厚及心室直径来测量计算。采用M模式测量左心室后壁舒张期厚度(left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole,LVPWd)、室间隔舒张厚度(interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole,IVSd)、左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,LVIDd)、左心室收缩末期内径(left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole,LVIDs)、舒张末期容积(end-diastolic volume,EDV)和收缩末期容积(end-systolic volume,ESV),评估小鼠心脏功能及结构。

1.5 试剂盒检测2组小鼠血脂、血清炎症因子和TBA水平

异氟醚麻醉后,采集小鼠眼球血样于EDTA管中,4 ℃、3 000 r·min-1离心20 min。采用小鼠ELISA测定试剂盒检测小鼠血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL-c)和高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL-c)以及血浆中白细胞介素6 (interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α)、 单 核 细 胞 趋 化 蛋 白 (monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP)、趋化因子C-X-C基序配体1(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1,CXCL1)和TBA水平,具体测定步骤按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.6 HE染色观察2组小鼠心肌组织病理形态表现

解剖心脏组织,4%多聚甲醛固定。对石蜡包埋的心脏组织连续切片(厚度为4 μm)进行HE染色。切片脱蜡至水,苏木精溶液染色3~5 min,经盐酸酒精分化,氨溶液浸泡,蒸馏水洗涤,梯度酒精中再水化,放入伊红溶液中反染色5 min。将上述切片放入升阶乙醇中,最后放入二甲苯中。在显微镜下获取图像后进行分析。

1.7 Masson染色观察2组小鼠心肌纤维化程度并计算纤维化面积

将脱蜡后的石蜡切片放入重铬酸钾中,室温下浸泡过夜,用蒸馏水洗涤。置于铁苏木素染液中染色3 min,盐酸酒精中分化,蒸馏水中洗涤。切片放入Ponceau酸性品红染色5~10 min后蒸馏水冲洗,载玻片置于磷钼酸溶液中1~3 min,苯胺蓝溶液中染色3~6 min,1%冰醋酸中分化,无水乙醇中脱水,再将载玻片置于二甲苯中5 min后封片。在显微镜下获取图像后分析心肌纤维化程度。纤维化程度检测采用Image-pro plus 6.0软件(美国Media Cybernetics公司)进行分析。

1.8 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 9.3统计软件进行统计学分析。2组小鼠存活率和SVA发生率以百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;2组小鼠EF、FS、EDV、LVIDd、LVIDs、IVSd和LVPWd,血浆中TC、TG、HDL、LDL和IL-6水平,血清中TBA、TNF-α、MCP-1和CXCL-1水平均符合正态分布,以x¯±s表示,2组间样本均数比较采用两独立样本t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 2组小鼠存活率和SVA发生情况

干预20周后,正常饲料组小鼠存活率为100%,HFD组小鼠存活率为70%,2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。采用体表心电图观察2组小鼠电生理变化。HFD组小鼠出现交界区早搏 (junctional premature beat, JPB)/交界区心动过速(junctional tachycardia,JT)4例(4/7,57.1%)、房性早搏(premature atrial contraction, PAC) 1例 (1/7, 14.3%)和室性早搏(premature ventricular contraction,PVC)1例(1/7,14.3%),而正常饲料组小鼠出现JPB/JT(1/10,10%)和PAC(1/10,10%)各1例。典型的心电图、生存率和心律失常发生率见图1A~D。与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠心率明显降低(P<0.05)(图1E),且HFD组小鼠QRS和QT间期明显延长(P<0.05)(图1F和图1G),但2组小鼠QTc间期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图1H)。

2.2 2组小鼠的心脏功能和心室结构

与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠的EF和FSB降低(P<0.01),EDV升高(P<0.05),但组间ESV比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠LVIDd和LVIDs增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),IVSd和LVPWd差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图2表1

2.3 2组小鼠血脂水平

正常饲料组与HFD组ApoE-/-小鼠的血浆中TC、TG、HDL和LDL水平及体质量组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

2.4 2组小鼠血清中TBA和炎症因子水平

与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠血清中TBA水平明显高(P<0.05),血清中IL-6、TNF-α、MCP-1和CXCL-1水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),小鼠血清中IL-1β水平有升高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3

2.5 2组小鼠心肌组织病理形态表现和心肌纤维化面积

HE染色显示HFD组和正常饲料组小鼠炎性细胞浸润相似。与正常饲料组比较,HFD组小鼠纤维化有增加趋势,但心肌纤维化面积(正常饲料组:6.24±3.51;HFD组:7.02±1.76)组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图3

3 讨 论

ApoE-/-小鼠是目前应用最广泛的动脉粥样硬化和心血管疾病的临床前模型14-15。在持续给予高脂饮食20周的ApoE-/-小鼠中,SVA发生率明显升高。然而,2组小鼠血脂水平相似,与MILAD等16及本课题组前期研究7结果一致,即血脂水平和心律失常无直接关系。载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,ApoE)在脂质代谢中扮演着重要的角色,主要通过3个途径使血脂水平升高:①脂蛋白代谢受阻;②胆固醇清除受阻;③长时间的代谢积累效应。ApoE的缺失并非仅在高脂饮食条件下升高血脂,由于脂质代谢障碍,即使在摄入相对较低的脂质水平(如正常饲料),血浆中的脂质也会逐渐累积,从而导致高脂血症16。本研究结果显示:ApoE-/-小鼠可能由于长期高脂饮食(20周)导致胆固醇水平饱和,从而使血浆中TC、TG、HDL和LDL水平与正常饲料组水平相似。该机制的具体生理解释可能涉及胆固醇的逆向转运,与转化为BA有关。

长期的高脂饮食导致BA的增加。体外实验和临床试验研究17-18均显示:BA的增加可诱发心电活动改变,进而导致SVA发生。长期高脂饮食导致BA的增加,BA影响自主神经的活性,从而导致小鼠心律失常和猝死的增加。BA除了间接作用于自主神经功能导致心律失常,还可以直接影响心肌细胞的电生理特征和收缩功能。细胞水平的实验研究19-21表明:牛磺胆酸对体外培养的新生鼠心肌细胞收缩能力有一定抑制作用。牛磺胆酸可以在无钙离子(Ca2+)超载的情况下刺激肌浆网自发性释放Ca2+,Ca2+的释放可能通过钙激活电流或钠离子(Na)/Ca2+交换体导致心律失常。本研究结果显示:HFD组小鼠收缩功能减退和心室扩大,均可能导致离子通道重塑,从而改变心肌的电生理特性。当心功能降低时,机体为了维持重要器官的血液供应,会导致交感神经系统的过度激活和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的持续激活,从而导致离子通道重塑。研究22显示:心力衰竭状态下的代偿过程通常伴随Na⁺、Ca²⁺和K⁺通道功能异常,上述离子通道的改变会直接影响心肌细胞的动作电位特性,从而导致心律失常的风险增加。心室的扩大可能引发心肌细胞的拉伸,从而激活机械敏感性离子通道,引发心肌纤维化,影响细胞间的电耦合和离子流动。心室扩大的区域通常伴有动作电位时程的不均一性,进一步增加了心律失常发生的可能性。

综上所述,长期的高脂饮食导致ApoE-/-小鼠心律失常和猝死增加,其机制可能与BA的增高有关。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(81704187)

国家自然科学基金项目(82274414)

四川省科技厅国际合作项目(2020YFH0115)

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