洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导大鼠肝损伤的改善作用及其机制

赵艺 ,  周冰 ,  邱惠蕊 ,  李轩 ,  崔向丽

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 1155 -1164.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (05) : 1155 -1164. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250501
基础研究

洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导大鼠肝损伤的改善作用及其机制

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Improvement effect of lovastatin on hyperlipidemia-induced liver injury in rats and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用,并阐明其可能的作用机制。 方法 将15只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、高脂血症模型组和洛伐他汀组,每组5只。对照组大鼠常规饲养,高脂血症模型组和洛伐他汀组大鼠采用高脂饲料饲养12周;第8周开始灌胃给药,洛伐他汀组大鼠给予2 mg∙kg-1洛伐他汀,对照组和高脂血症模型组大鼠给予等体积生理盐水,每天1次,持续给药4周。检测各组大鼠实验开始后第1、8、9、10、11和12周时体质量,采用HE染色检测各组大鼠肝组织病理形态表现,采用试剂盒检测各组大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和丙二醛(MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性以及白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素12(IL-12)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,采用16S rRNA测序方法检测各组大鼠肠道菌群组成。 结果 与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠体质量从高脂饲料饲养第8周开始明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,第11和12周洛伐他汀组大鼠体质量明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肝脏表面较为粗糙并呈苍白色,边缘厚钝,形态肿大,有颗粒感和油腻感;与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏呈淡褐红色,质软,边缘稍钝,体积减小,颗粒感和油腻感较轻。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肝脏细胞肿胀且排列紊乱,细胞核固缩,分布大量炎性细胞,且胞内有大量空泡样变性;与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏细胞肿胀程度和变性程度明显减轻,肝细胞排列较整齐、结构较完整,炎症细胞浸润减少,空泡样变性减少。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05),HDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠血清中MDA水平和ALT及AST活性明显升高(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中MDA水平和ALT及AST活性明显降低(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平明显升高(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠ACE指数和Chao1指数明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠ACE指数和Chao1指数明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肠道内厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度明显升高(P<0.001),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度明显降低(P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道内FirmicutesProteobacteria相对丰度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),BacteroidetesActinobacteria相对丰度未见明显变化。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肠道内乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度明显降低(P<0.001),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和梭菌属(Clostridium)相对丰度明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道内Lactobacillus相对丰度未见明显变化,Bacteroides、DesulfovibrioClostridium相对丰度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001)。 结论 洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导的大鼠肝损伤具有改善作用,其机制可能与洛伐他汀改善肠道菌群组成和抑制氧化应激及炎症损伤有关。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the protective effect of lovastatin on liver injury in the rats induced by hyperlipidemia, and to elucidate its possible mechanism. Methods Fifteen SD rats were randomly divided into control group, hyperlipidemia model group, and lovastatin group, with 5 rats in each group. The rats in control group were fed with standard diet, while the rats in hyperlipidemia model group and lovastatin group were fed high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Starting from the 8th week, the rats were administered treatments via gavage once a day for 4 weeks: the rats in lovastatin group received 2 mg∙kg⁻¹ lovastatin, while the rats in control group and hyperlipidemia model group received an equal volume of normal saline. The body weights of the rats in various groups were measured at weeks 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 after the experiment began; the histopathology of liver tissue of the rats in various groups was observed using HE staining; the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) of the rats in various groups were detected using commercial kits; the composition of the gut microbiota of the rats in various groups was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Compared with control group, the body weight of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group was significantly increased from the 8th week of high-fat diet feeding (P<0.05 or P<0.01 or P<0.001). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the body weight of the rats in lovastatin group was significantly decreased at weeks 11 and 12 (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the livers of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group appeared rough, pale, enlarged, with blunt edges, and had a granular and greasy texture. Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the livers of the rats in lovastatin group were light brownish-red, soft, with slightly blunt edges, reduced volume, and less granularity and greasiness. Compared with control group, the liver cells of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were swollen and disorganized, with pyknotic nuclei, extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, and numerous vacuolar degenerations. Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the rats in lovastatin group showed significantly reduced hepatocyte swelling and degeneration, more orderly and intact liver cell arrangement, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduced vacuolar degeneration. Compared with control group, the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum HDL-C level was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C of the rats in lovastation group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum HDL-C level was increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum MDA levels and the ALT and AST activities of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the serum MDA levels and ALT and AST activities of the rats in lovastatin group were decreased (P<0.05), and the SOD and GSH-Px activities were increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α of the rats in lovastatin group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the ACE and Chao1 indexes of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the ACE and Chao1 indexes of the rats in lovastatin group were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with control group, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P<0.001), and the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were decreased (P<0.001). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria of the rats in lovastatin group were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria showed no significant changes. Compared with control group, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus of the rats in hyperlipidemia model group was significantly decreased (P<0.001), and the relative abundances of BacteroidesDesulfovibrio, and Clostridium were significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Compared with hyperlipidemia model group, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus of the rats in lovastatin group showed no significant change but the relative abundances of BacteroidesDesulfovibrio, and Clostridium were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01 or P<0.001). Conclusion Lovastatin ameliorates liver injury induced by hyperlipidemia, and the mechanism may be related to its ability to improve gut microbiota composition and inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory damage.

Graphical abstract

关键词

洛伐他汀 / 高脂血症 / 肝损伤 / 抗炎 / 肠道菌群 / 氧化应激

Key words

Lovastatin / Hyperlipidemia / Liver injury / Anti-inflammatory / Intestinal microorganism / Oxidative stress

引用本文

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赵艺,周冰,邱惠蕊,李轩,崔向丽. 洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导大鼠肝损伤的改善作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2025, 51(05): 1155-1164 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250501

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高脂血症是一种脂质代谢紊乱性疾病,临床表现为血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)的过量蓄积或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)的缺乏1-2。研究2-4发现:高脂血症与脂肪肝、心脑血管疾病和糖尿病等疾病的发生发展有密切关联。肝脏在维持全身脂质稳态中发挥关键作用,长期高脂血症可打破肝脏脂肪代谢的动态平衡,促进非酯化脂肪酸的形成,通过干扰胰岛素与受体的结合引发胰岛素抵抗,导致肝脏脂肪沉积,进而诱发肝脏脂肪变性5。在这一过程中,线粒体等细胞器膜结构受到损伤,诱发活性氧生成和细胞因子释放,最终导致肝细胞损伤6。因此,恢复肝脏脂质代谢的动态平衡是治疗高脂血症诱导肝损伤的关键。
他汀类药物是临床上最常用的降脂药,洛伐他汀作为他汀类药物的代表,主要在肝脏中发挥作用7。研究8显示:洛伐他汀能够降低高脂血症患者血清中TC、LDL-C和TG水平,提高血清白蛋白和肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体的表达,缓解高脂血症导致的肝肾等器官损伤。另有研究9-10发现:洛伐他汀通过抑制炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的表达发挥肝脏保护作用,提示洛伐他汀可能通过多种途径缓解高脂血症诱导的肝损伤。
肠道菌群是定植于胃肠道的庞大微生物群落,被称为最关键的环境因子,可通过补充营养供给、促进免疫调节和维护肠屏障功能等多维度参与宿主代谢调控11-13。研究14发现:肠道菌群在脂质代谢中的调控作用使其与高脂血症及相关疾病存在密切关联。研究15表明:高脂血症患者存在肠道菌群结构与功能异常。高脂血症儿童及青少年粪便中乙酸盐、丁酸盐和丙酸盐水平降低,这与产短链脂肪酸菌群(如毛螺菌科、瘤胃菌科、阿克曼氏菌属、拟杆菌属、罗氏菌属和粪杆菌属等)的减少密切相关。高脂血症患者粪便中潜在益生菌(如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、普氏粪杆菌和罗氏菌属等)丰度较健康人群明显降低,而产脂多糖菌(如大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌等)则明显富集16。研究17-18发现:辛伐他汀可通过降低放线菌门和厚壁菌门相对丰度,提高拟杆菌门丰度,重塑肠道菌群组成,改善高脂血症造成的心脏和肝脏等器官损伤。然而,有关洛伐他汀对高脂血症肠道菌群影响的相关研究少有报道。本研究通过高脂血症动物模型探讨洛伐他汀重塑肠道菌群改善高脂血症诱导肝损伤的作用,为洛伐他汀的临床应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

15只8周龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2021-0006。大鼠饲养于天津科技大学生物工程学院动物实验中心,所有大鼠按照SPF级饲养条件喂养,室内通风条件良好,相对湿度为55%,温度为23 ℃~25 ℃,自由饮食饮水。洛伐他汀(色谱纯)购自美国Sigma公司,TC试剂盒、TG试剂盒、LDL-C试剂盒、HDL-C试剂盒、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)试剂盒、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)试剂盒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)试剂盒、谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine-aminotransferase,ALT)试剂盒、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate amiotransferase,AST)试剂盒、白细胞介素2(interleukin-2,IL-2)试剂盒、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)试剂盒、白细胞介素12(interleukin-12,IL-12)试剂盒和TNF-α试剂盒均购自中国南京建成生物工程研究所。酶标仪(型号:MPR-A100)购自美国赛默飞有限公司,正置显微镜(型号:CX41)购自日本Olympus公司。

1.2 实验动物分组和处理

15只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、高脂血症模型组和洛伐他汀组,每组5只。对照组大鼠给予常规饲料饲养(配方为碳水化合物:59%,蛋白质:21.1%,纤维:4.9%,脂肪:4.2%,灰分:8%,磷:1%,钙:1.8%),高脂血症模型组和洛伐他汀组大鼠给予高脂饲料饲养(配方为在常规饲料基础上添加2%胆固醇、10%猪油、10%蛋黄粉、5%糖和0.2%猪胆盐)。在高脂饲料喂养第8周开始灌胃给药,对照组和高糖血症模型组大鼠给予等体积的生理盐水,洛伐他汀组大鼠给予2 mg·kg-1洛伐他汀,每天给药1次,连续给药4周。实验结束处死大鼠,收集血液和肝组织,用于后续实验。

1.3 测量各组大鼠体质量

从给予高脂饮食开始,测量并记录各组第1、8、9、10、11和12周大鼠体质量。

1.4 HE染色观察各组大鼠肝组织病理形态表现

收集各组大鼠肝组织后,4%多聚甲醛固定,经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明和石蜡包埋后制备成石蜡切片。经过脱蜡和水化后,使用HE染色试剂盒进行染色,于光学显微镜下观察各组大鼠肝组织病理形态表现。

1.5 试剂盒检测各组小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C 和 MDA水平及ALT、 AST、 SOD和GSH-Px活性以及IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平

最后一次灌胃给药结束后,各组大鼠于禁食不禁水条件下饲养16 h。处死大鼠,取血液样本,3 000 r·min-1离心10 min,分离血清。按照试剂盒说明书检测各组小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和MDA水平及ALT、AST、SOD和GSH-Px活性以及IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平。

1.6 16S rRNA测序法检测各组大鼠肠道菌群组成

取各组大鼠新鲜粪便样品,提取各组大鼠肠道微生物总DNA。用1%琼脂糖凝胶检测所提取的各组大鼠肠道微生物DNA的浓度和纯度,然后将其稀释至1 mg·L-1,并以此为模板,依据16S rDNA V4区序列,使用通用引物(515 F和806 R)进行PCR扩增。引物序列:515 F,5'-GTGYCA-GCMGCCGCGGTAA-3'和806 R,5'-GGACTAC-HGGGTATCTTAAT-3'。通过Illumina平台对扩增的序列进行测序分析。

将获得的原始数据数据去接头和低质量过滤处理后,去除嵌合体序列,并将有效序列聚类分析,每一个聚类为一个物种操作单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),对OTU的代表序列进行分类学分析,以获得各个样本的物种分布信息。分析OTU聚类分析结果,得到各样品肠道微生物的相对丰度和多样性信息即ACE指数和Chao1指数。然后基于Silva、Greengenes、RDP和UNITE等数据库进行物种注释分析,得到大鼠肠道微生物各组菌群结构信息以及组内和组间结构差异分析等。

1.7 统计学分析

采用Graphpad 8.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组大鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和MDA水平及ALT、AST、SOD和GSH-Px活性以及IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 各组大鼠体质量

与对照组比较,在高脂饲料饲养的第8~12周高脂血症模型组和洛伐他汀组大鼠体质量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,在高脂饲料饲养的第11和12周洛伐他汀组大鼠体质量明显降低(P<0.05)。见图1

2.2 各组大鼠肝组织病理形态表现

对照组大鼠肝脏表面光滑红润,边缘较为锐利,质地较坚韧。与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肝脏表面较为粗糙并呈现苍白色,边缘厚钝,形态肿大,有颗粒感和油腻感;与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏呈淡褐红色,质软,边缘稍钝,体积减小,颗粒感和油腻感较轻。见图2

与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肝脏细胞肿胀且排列紊乱,细胞核固缩,分布许多炎性细胞,且胞内有大量空泡样变性;与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏细胞肿胀程度和变性程度明显减轻,肝细胞排列较整齐且结构较完整,炎症细胞浸润减少,空泡样变性减少。见图3

2.3 各组大鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平

与对照组比较,高脂血症模型大鼠组血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05),HDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05)。见表1

2.4 各组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、SOD和GSH-Px活性及MDA水平

与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠血清中ALT和AST活性及MDA水平明显升高(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中ALT和AST活性及MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高(P<0.05)。见表2

2.5 各组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平

与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6和IL-12和TNF-α水平均明显升高(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。见表3

2.6 各组大鼠肠道菌群多样性

与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肠道微生物组成多样性发生明显变化,ACE指数和Chao1指数均明显降低(P<0.05);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道微生物组成多样性发生明显变化,ACE指数和Chao1指数均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),肠道微生物组成多样性更接近于对照组。见表4

2.7 各组大鼠肠道菌群门水平相对丰度

在门水平上,与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肠道内厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度明显升高(P<0.001),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度明显降低(P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道内FirmicutesProteobacteria相对丰度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01), BacteroidetesActinobacteria相对丰度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表5

2.8 各组大鼠肠道菌群属水平相对丰度

在属水平上,与对照组比较,高脂血症模型组大鼠肠道内乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度明显降低(P<0.001),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和梭菌属(Clostridium)相对丰度明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.001);与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道内Lactobacillus相对丰度未见明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Bacteroides、Desulfovibrio和Clostridium相对丰度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001)。见表6

3 讨 论

高脂血症与脂肪肝、肥胖、心脑血管疾病和糖尿病等慢性疾病的发生发展有密切关联2-4。研究19表明:洛伐他汀不仅能够降低胆固醇和升高HDL-C水平,同时能够有效降低TG,具有良好的耐受性和安全性,不良反应相对较少,是治疗高脂血症的一线降脂药物。本研究结果显示:洛伐他汀能够明显降低高脂血症大鼠体质量以及血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平,明显提高血清中HDL-C水平,表明洛伐他汀能够有效缓解高脂饲料引起的大鼠慢性高脂血症。

肝脏是机体重要的代谢器官,也是内源性脂肪生成的主要部位20。高血脂介导的脂质代谢紊乱导致脂肪在肝脏内沉积,导致脂肪肝的形成,严重情况下可诱发肝损伤5。既往研究8发现:洛伐他汀通过调控机体脂质代谢缓解高脂血症诱导的肝肾损伤。本实验结果显示:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏大体形态表现更加接近健康大鼠;组织学观察发现:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肝脏细胞肿胀程度和变性程度明显减轻,肝细胞排列较整齐、结构较完整,炎症细胞浸润及空泡样变性减少;并且,洛伐他汀能够有效降低高脂血症大鼠血清中ALT和AST活性,这表明洛伐他汀能够有效缓解高脂血症造成的肝损伤。

研究21发现:长期高脂饮食的摄入会导致机体产生大量的自由基,打破机体的氧化和抗氧化平衡,呈氧化应激状态。氧化应激时,过量自由基可直接或间接损伤细胞组分,如基因突变、蛋白质变性和脂质过氧化等,造成细胞的氧化损伤22。研究23-24表明:自由基及其带来的氧化应激贯穿肝病的始终,其不仅对肝细胞线粒体结构和功能造成破坏,还可促进肝细胞膜脂质过氧化,诱发炎症反应,同时机体内合成以及饮食吸收的胆固醇在代谢过程中会被运至肝细胞,造成肝脏部位产生大量脂代谢物质,进一步促进脂质过氧化。研究25发现:高脂饮食能够诱导肥胖,导致脂肪组织自然杀伤细胞的大量积累、增殖和激活,从而引起血浆中炎症因子水平升高,即导致机体处于慢性炎症水平。本实验结果显示:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠血清中抗氧化酶SOD和GSH-Px活性升高,氧化应激产物MDA水平以及促炎因子IL-2、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α水平降低,表明洛伐他汀能够有效缓解高脂血症诱导的氧化应激损伤和炎症反应,发挥肝脏保护作用。

研究18表明:他汀类药物能够与肠道菌群互相作用,恢复肠道菌群稳态,实现降血脂、抗氧化和抗炎的作用。本实验结果显示:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道菌群ACE指数和Chao1指数明显升高。ACE指数和Chao1指数均为用于反映肠道菌群多样性的关键指标,ACE指数和Chao1指数升高表明洛伐他汀可明显提高肠道菌群多样性,缓解高脂饮食引起的肠道微生物组成结构紊乱。研究1826显示:FirmicutesProteobacteria与大鼠体内脂肪堆积以及其他一些肥胖相关指标均呈正相关关系,而Bacteroidetes则呈负相关关系,辛伐他汀可明显降低Firmicutes相对丰度。本实验结果显示:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道菌群中FirmicutesProteobacteria丰度降低,Actinobacteria相对丰度升高,表明洛伐他汀可以改善高脂饮食引起的肠道菌群紊乱,提高有益菌的相对丰度。与辛伐他汀比较,洛伐他汀能够更有效地提高有益菌的种类和相对丰度,这可能是两种药物疗效不同的原因之一。

洛伐他汀的摄入对高脂饮食大鼠肠道菌群属水平上的变化具有改善作用。Lactobacillus作为益生菌,能抑制慢性炎症的发生,同时可降低实验鼠体质量和脂肪含量并减少肝脏病变27-28。高脂饮食的摄入会明显降低Lactobacillus相对丰度,而洛伐他汀的摄入可在一定程度上缓解这一趋势。Bacteroides可以发酵氨基酸和碳水化合物,参与多糖代谢、类固醇代谢和胆汁酸代谢等。而部分Bacteroides具有致病性,在疾病状态下可引起肠道炎症29。研究30-31显示:高脂饮食引起的肥胖与BacteroidesDesulfovibrioClostridium相对丰度的增加有密切关联。本研究结果显示:与高脂血症模型组比较,洛伐他汀组大鼠肠道菌群中Bacteroides、DesulfovibrioClostridium相对丰度明显降低,表明洛伐他汀能够在属水平上增加肠道有益菌相对丰度,降低有害菌相对丰度,缓解高脂血症导致的肝损伤。

综上所述,洛伐他汀对高脂血症诱导的大鼠肝损伤具有改善作用,其机制可能与洛伐他汀改善肠道菌群组成和抑制氧化应激及炎症损伤有关。

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基金资助

国家卫健委医院管理研究所医院药学高质量发展研究项目(NIHAYS2302)

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