16s rRNA测序技术检测复方地黄颗粒作用下肺炎链球菌诱导肺炎模型大鼠肠道菌群的变化及其意义

张雨涵 ,  孔令娟 ,  柳金英 ,  郭建恩

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (06) : 1551 -1560.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (06) : 1551 -1560. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250611
基础研究

16s rRNA测序技术检测复方地黄颗粒作用下肺炎链球菌诱导肺炎模型大鼠肠道菌群的变化及其意义

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Changes of intestinal flora in rats with Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia treated with Compound Dihuang Granules detected by 16s rRNA sequencing technology and its significance

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摘要

目的 通过16s rRNA测序技术探讨复方地黄颗粒对肺炎链球菌(Spn)诱导肺炎模型大鼠肠道菌群的影响,并阐明其潜在机制。 方法 将30只大鼠随机分为对照组(正常大鼠)、模型组(Spn诱导肺炎大鼠模型)、低剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃1.75 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒)、中剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃3.50 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒)和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃7.00 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒),每组6只。测定大鼠肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值并分析血气指标,HE染色观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态表现并评估肺组织损伤程度,试剂盒检测各组大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中细菌负荷水平和白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8及IL-10水平,进行16s rRNA肠道菌群测序分析。 结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)明显升高(P<0.05),动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和血氧饱和度(SaO2)明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠PaCO2明显降低(P<0.05),PaO2和SaO2明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。HE染色,对照组大鼠肺组织未见明显损伤;模型组大鼠肺组织细胞排列紊乱,大量炎性细胞浸润,肺泡壁毛细血管明显扩张;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠肺组织形态损伤均有所改善。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织W/D比值和病理评分明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠肺组织W/D比值和病理评分明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠BALF中IL-6和IL-8水平明显升高(P<0.05),IL-10水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠BALF中IL-6和IL-8水平明显降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠菌群丰度指标(Chao1)、菌群多样性和均匀性指标(Shannon)、菌群优势度指标(Simpson)及实际检测物种数指标(Observed_species)均明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠Chao1、Shannon、Simpson和Observed_species均明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度降低,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度升高,Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠Bacteroidetes相对丰度升高,Firmicutes相对丰度降低,Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。在科水平上,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠棒状杆菌科(Corynebacteriaceae)、葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae)和莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)相对丰度明显升高,而乳酸杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌科(Akkermansiaceae)相对丰度明显降低;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠CorynebacteriaceaeStaphylococcaceaeMoraxellaceae相对丰度明显降低,LactobacillaceaeLachnospiraceaeAkkermansiaceae相对丰度明显升高。在属水平上,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和费克蓝姆氏菌属(Facklamia)相对丰度明显升高,双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)相对丰度明显降低;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠DesulfovibrioFacklamia相对丰度明显降低,BifidobacteriumRuminococcaceae相对丰度明显升高。 结论 复方地黄颗粒可以改善Spn诱导的肺炎大鼠的炎症和肺损伤,这可能与肠道菌群丰度和多样性的增加有关。

Abstract

Objective To discuss the effect of Compound Rehmannia Granules on intestinal flora of the pneumonia model rats induced by Streptococcus pneumoniaeSpn) through 16s rRNA sequencing technology, and to clarify its potential mechanism. Methods A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into control group (normal rats), model group (Spn-induced pneumonia rat models), low dose of Compound Rehmannia Granules group (pneumonia rat models administered 1.75 g·kg-1 Compound Rehmannia Granules by gavage), medium dose of Compound Rehmannia Granules group (pneumonia rat models administered 3.50 g·kg-1 Compound Rehmannia Granules by gavage), and high dose of Compound Rehmannia Granules group (pneumonia rat model administered 7.00 g·kg-1 Compound Rehmannia Granules by gavage), with 6 rats in each group. The wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio of lung tissue and blood gas indexes were measured; HE staining was used to observe the pathomorphology and the degree of lung injury in lung tissue of the rats in various groups were assessed; kit assay was used to detect the bacterial load level and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the rats in various groups; 16s rRNA intestinal flora sequencing analysis was performed. Results Compared with control group, the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of the rats in model group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the PaCO2 of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the PaO₂ and SaO₂ were significantly increased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. The HE staining results showed no significant injury in lung tissue of the rats in control group; the cells in lung tissue of the rats in model group were arranged disorderly with massive inflammatory cell infiltration, and the alveolar wall capillaries were significantly dilated; compared with model group, the morphological damage of lung tissue of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups was improved. Compared with control group, the W/D value and pathological score of lung tissue of the rats in model group were significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the W/D value and pathological scores of lung tissue of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. Compared with control group, the bacterial load level in BALF of the rats in model group was significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the bacterial load level in BALF of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. Compared with control group, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in BALF of the rats in model group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the IL-10 level was significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in BALF of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the IL-10 level was significantly increased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. Compared with control group, the microbial abundance indicator(Chao1), microbial diversity and evenness indicator(Shannon), microbial dominance indicator (Simpson), and observed species indicator (observed_species) of the rats in model group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, and (observed_species) indices of the rats in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. Compared with control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in model group was decreased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was increased, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was decreased, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05), showing a dose-dependent manner. At the family level, compared with control group, the relative abundances of CorynebacteriaceaeStaphylococcaceae, and Moraxellaceae in model group were significantly increased, while the relative abundances of LactobacillaceaeLachnospiraceae, and Akkermansiaceae were significantly decreased; compared with model group, the relative abundances of CorynebacteriaceaeStaphylococcaceae, and Moraxellaceae in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were significantly decreased, and the relative abundances of LactobacillaceaeLachnospiraceae, and Akkermansiaceae were significantly increased. At the genus level, compared with control group, the relative abundances of Desulfovibrio and Facklamia in model group were significantly increased, and the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae were significantly decreased; compared with model group, the relative abundances of Desulfovibrio and Facklamia in low, medium, and high doses of Compound Rehmannia Granules groups were significantly decreased, and the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae were significantly increased. Conclusion Compound Rehmannia Granules can alleviate inflammation and lung injury in Spn-induced pneumonia rats, which may be related to the increase in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肺炎 / 16s rRNA测序技术 / 复方地黄颗粒 / 肺炎链球菌 / 肠道菌群

Key words

Pneumonia / 16s rRNA sequencing technology / Compound Rehmannia Granules / Streptococcus pneumoniae / Intestinal flora

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张雨涵,孔令娟,柳金英,郭建恩. 16s rRNA测序技术检测复方地黄颗粒作用下肺炎链球菌诱导肺炎模型大鼠肠道菌群的变化及其意义[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2025, 51(06): 1551-1560 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20250611

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肺炎是一种主要影响肺泡和远端细支气管的急性呼吸道感染,已成为全球健康领域的一个严峻挑战,尤其是对5岁以下幼儿群体构成威胁1。病毒感染和细菌感染都是儿童肺炎的常见病因,流感嗜血杆菌、化脓性链球菌、肺炎支原体和肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniaeSpn)均为常见病原2;其中,Spn作为细菌性肺炎的主要病因之一,其感染往往伴随着发热、呼吸频率加快、咳嗽加剧乃至呼吸困难等临床症状,严重危害患者健康3。肠道作为人体重要的免疫器官,栖息着数量众多、种类繁多的肠道菌群,其作为宿主防御体系中的关键组成部分,展现出其积极而复杂的作用。肠道菌群不仅强化了黏膜免疫的屏障功能,还可能对全身免疫应答进行精细调控4。肠道微生物特征可以预测临床结果、预后和免疫治疗反应5。此外,在Spn引发的肺炎病程中,肠道微生物群落也被发现能够发挥有效的保护作用,因此调节肠道微生物可能是治疗细菌性肺炎的潜在策略6。复方地黄颗粒是一种源自传统中医药方的中成药,由多种中草药组成。研究7发现:复方地黄颗粒中的地黄成分也可通过增加有益菌群如瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)和毛螺菌科 (Lachnospiraceae) 的丰度,减少有害菌群如脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio)的丰度,从而改善肠道菌群组成,保护肠道屏障。复方地黄颗粒能否通过调节肠道菌群来改善Spn引发的肺炎尚未阐明。因此,本研究构建Spn诱导肺炎模型大鼠,并运用16s rRNA测序技术,深入探讨复方地黄颗粒对肺炎模型大鼠肠道菌群的影响,为改善Spn引发的肺炎提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、药物、主要试剂和仪器

30只SPF级雄性SD大鼠,6周龄,体质量180~200 g,购自河北省实验动物中心(河北医科大学实验动物学部),实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(冀)2022-001,实验单位承德医学院,实验动物使用许可证号SYXK(冀)2022-002,实验前适应性培养1周。复方地黄颗粒依据国家发明专利(ZL200810043734.2)的配方,成分比例:熟地20 g、白芍30 g、钩藤15 g、珍珠母15 g、丹参20 g、石菖蒲12 g和全蝎2 g,均采购自广东一方制药有限公司。HE染色试剂盒、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6、IL-8和IL-10酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测试剂盒购自上海Beyotime公司,DNA提取试剂盒购自北京天根生化科技有限公司,凝胶提取试剂盒购自美国OMEGA公司。VeritiPro PCR仪购自赛默飞世尔科技中国有限公司,CM2000光学数码生物显微镜购自广东省深圳市星明光学仪器有限公司,Synergy 2酶标仪购自北京天地唯洋科技发展有限公司,Qubit@ 2.0荧光计购自美国Thermo公司和Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100系统购自德国Agilent公司。

1.2 实验动物造模和给药

将30只大鼠随机分为对照组(正常大鼠)、模型组(Spn诱导肺炎大鼠模型)、低剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃1.75 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒)、中剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃3.50 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒)和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组(肺炎大鼠模型灌胃7.00 g·kg-1复方地黄颗粒),每组6只。除对照组外,其余各组大鼠滴鼻10 μL约含1×107 CFU的Spn,每日1次,连续3 d。造模完成后,治疗组分别灌胃相应的复方地黄颗粒,其余组灌胃等量生理盐水,每日1次,连续7 d。方法和剂量参考文献[8-9]。

1.3 血气分析仪分析大鼠血气指标

末次给药后,抽取大鼠腹部主动脉血加入抗凝管后保存,采用血气分析仪对动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood,PaO2)、动 脉 血 二 氧 化 碳 分 压(arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure,PaCO2)和血氧饱和度(arterial oxygen saturation,SaO2)等指标进行检测。

1.4 大鼠样本采集

血气指标测定后采集各组大鼠粪便标本存于液氮备用,麻醉后处死大鼠,并结 扎 大 鼠 的 右 肺, 收 集 左 肺 肺 泡 灌 洗 液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF),随后收集右肺上叶组织,清洗后经甲醛固定。

1.5 测定大鼠肺组织湿/干重(wet/dry weight,W/D)比值

大鼠右肺中叶组织采集后立即用精密天平称重(湿重),记录数值。随后将组织置于恒温干燥箱80 ℃烘干至恒重,测量其干重,计算W/D比值。W/D比值=大鼠右肺中叶组织湿重/大鼠右肺中叶组织干重。

1.6 HE染色观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态表现并评估肺组织损伤程度

取甲醛固定大鼠肺组织制备4 μm石蜡切片,经脱蜡脱水后,进行HE染色。镜下观察病理变化,对肺组织进行病理评分以评估肺损程度:当肺组织未出现病理损伤时,评分为0分;若病理损伤占比小于25%,则评分为1分;当病理损伤占比≤50%时,评分为2分;若50%<病理损伤占比<75%,则评分为3分;而当肺组织病理损伤占比≥75%时,评分为4分。

1.7 试剂盒检测各组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平

各组大鼠BALF经260 g、4 ℃离心10 min后, 取沉淀重悬于0.5 mL无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)中,随后连续稀释至终体积50 mL。将稀释后的样本均匀涂布于TSA羊血琼脂培养基,置于37 ℃、5% CO₂环境下培养18 h。培养结束后,通过梯度稀释法计算各组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平。细菌负荷水平(CFU·mL-1)=(菌落数/稀释倍数)×(稀释体积/原始BALF体积)。细菌负荷水平与肺炎感染严重程度呈正相关关系,负荷值越高提示感染越严重。

1.8 ELISA法检测各组大鼠BALF中IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平

将各组大鼠BALF于1 200 g、4 ℃条件下离心15 min,取上清液分装至无菌EP管。按ELISA试剂盒说明书操作,于波长450 nm处检测吸光度(A)值,绘制标准曲线,计算各组大鼠BALF中IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平。

1.9 16s rRNA测序技术分析肠道菌群构成

参考文献[10]分析肠道菌群信息。使用DNA提取试剂盒从沉淀中提取大鼠粪便DNA。然后采用引物341 F 5'-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCA-3'和806 R 5'-GGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT-3'扩增16s rRNA Bac 16s基因V3-V4。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,然后采用GeneTools分析软件按等密度比例混合。使用凝胶提取试剂盒纯化PCR产物混合物。测序文库使用NEBNext®Ultra™DNA文库,并添加索引代码。使用Qubit@ 2.0荧光计和Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100系统评估文库质量。于IlluminaHiseq 2500平台上对文库进行测序,生成250 bp的成对末端reads。根据测序文库进行物种注释分析肠道菌群信息。使用QIIME2软件对原始测序数据进行去噪、拼接及OTU(操作分类单元)聚类(97%相似性阈值),并通过Silva 138数据库进行物种注释。计算菌群丰度指标(Chao1)、菌群多样性和均匀性指标(Shannon)、菌群优势度 指 标(Simpson)、 实 际 检 测 物 种 数指 标(Observed_species)及厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)/拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)比值。

1.10 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计学分析。各组大鼠PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、肺组织W/D比值,病理评分以及BALF中细菌负荷水平和IL-6、 IL-8及IL-10水平, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson和Observed_species及Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 各组大鼠肺功能损伤

与对照组比较,模型组大鼠PaCO2明显升高(P<0.05),PaO2和SaO2明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠PaCO2明显降低(P<0.05),PaO2和SaO2明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。见表1

2.2 各组大鼠肺组织病理形态表现

HE染色结果显示:对照组大鼠肺组织未见明显损伤;模型组大鼠肺组织细胞排列紊乱,肺泡间隔和细支气管壁明显增厚,伴有大量炎性细胞浸润现象,且肺泡壁毛细血管明显扩张。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠肺组织形态损伤均有所改善。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织W/D比值和病理评分明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠肺组织W/D比值和病理评分明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。见图1表2

2.3 各组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平

与对照组比较,模型组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。见表3

2.4 各组大鼠BALF中IL-6、IL-8和IL-10水平

与对照组比较,模型组大鼠BALF中IL-6和IL-8水平明显升高(P<0.05),IL-10水平明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠BALF中IL-6和IL-8水平明显降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。见表4

2.5 各组大鼠肠道菌群多样性

与对照组比较,模型组大鼠Chao1、Shannon、Simpson和Observed_species均明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠Chao1、Shannon、Simpson和Observed_species均明显升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。见表5

2.6 各组大鼠肠道菌群组间群落结构差异

通过Wilcoxon检验评估肠道菌群的分类特征差异。在门水平上,2个优势门包括BacteroidetesFirmicutes,占累积相对丰度的90%以上。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠Bacteroidetes相对丰度降低,Firmicutes的相对丰度升高, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较, 低、 中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠Bacteroidetes相对丰度升高,Firmicutes相对丰度降低,Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值明显降低(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。在科水平上,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠棒状杆菌科(Corynebacteriaceae)、葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae)和 莫 拉 氏 菌 科(Moraxellaceae)相对丰度明显升高,而乳酸杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、Lachnospiraceae和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌科(Akkermansiaceae)相对丰度明显降低。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠CorynebacteriaceaeStaphylococcaceaeMoraxellaceae 相 对 丰 度 明 显 降 低,LactobacillaceaeLachnospiraceaeAkkermansiaceae相对丰度明显升高。在属水平上,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠Desulfovibrio和费克蓝姆氏菌属(Facklamia)相对丰度明显升高, 双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)和Ruminococcaceae相对丰度明显降低。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量复方地黄颗粒组大鼠DesulfovibrioFacklamia相对丰度明显降低,BifidobacteriumRuminococcaceae相对丰度明显升高。见表5图2

3 讨 论

目前的肺炎治疗策略包括抗菌方案、抗生素和辅助治疗,常引发耐药性11。因此,探索替代药物以减轻肺炎所致组织损伤和死亡显得尤为重要。中医治疗凭借多靶点特性,展现出降低肺炎相关风险的独特优势,可能成为治疗肺炎的新选择。复方地黄颗粒是一种源自传统中医药方的中成药,由熟地黄、丹参、钩藤、石菖蒲、全蝎、杭白芍和珍珠母7味药物组成,具有滋阴补肾和清热解毒的功效12。在传统中医药理论中,肾阴虚被视为多种慢性疾病如高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾病的根本病机,复方地黄颗粒通过滋阴补肾,调节人体内阴阳平衡,从而改善这些疾病的症状13。在呼吸系统疾病治疗领域,复方地黄颗粒同样展现出其独特的治疗潜力。QIU等14研究发现:地黄来源的外泌体样纳米粒微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)Rgl-exomiR-7972能够通过调节GPR161和激活Hedgehog 通 路, 有 效 缓 解 由 脂 多 糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤。此外,复方地黄颗粒还被证实对博来霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化具有显著的缓解作用15。相关研究13-15阐明了复方地黄颗粒在呼吸道疾病治疗中的潜在价值,也为本研究提供了重要的理论支撑。本研究结果显示:大鼠在经Spn滴鼻后,其肺组织W/D比值明显增加,HE染色观察发现明显的炎性浸润和病理损伤,提示Spn肺炎模型构建成功。使用复方地黄颗粒治疗后,大鼠肺组织病理损伤和肺功能得到明显改善,提示复方地黄颗粒对Spn肺炎具有积极的治疗效果。复方地黄颗粒能够明显降低Spn诱导的肺炎大鼠BALF中细菌负荷水平,与既往关于微生物平衡与疾病发展关系的研究16结果一致。研究16表明:细菌性肺炎和肺炎支原体肺炎等患者BALF中微生物多样性明显降低,且这种降低与病情严重程度呈正相关关系。在Spn诱导的肺炎中,Spn通过分泌多种毒力因子抑制其他细菌生存,导致Spn在BALF中积累,进而造成微生物多样性降低。而良好的预后往往伴随着Spn诱导的肺炎患者BALF中细菌负荷的降低17。因此,复方地黄颗粒降低BALF中细菌负荷水平,可能是其改善肺损伤的一个重要机制。

Spn感染可促使炎症细胞因子的分泌,加剧细菌传播,提升疾病严重程度。Spn关键表面成分,如溶气酶、肽聚糖、壁藻酸和过氧化氢,均能促进肺组织释放炎症细胞因子,这是其致病机制中的重要一环18。这些细菌细胞壁成分通过激活核因子κB信号通路、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白和释放补体成分,触发复杂的炎症反应,导致IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-8和干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)等多种促炎细胞因子的释放,进一步加剧肺损伤19。而IL-10作为一种抗炎细胞因子,在细菌感染中发挥着一定的保护作用,其水平的变化也可反映机体的抗炎反应状态20。鉴于炎症细胞因子在Spn感染中的关键作用,寻找能够有效调节这些细胞因子分泌的药物成为治疗肺炎的重要策略。复方地黄颗粒作为一种源自传统中医药方的中成药,其主要成分地黄已被证实具有显著的抗炎活性。研究21显示:含有地黄成分的止白地黄颗粒能够有效预防顺铂所致的急性肾损伤,其机制之一就是通过抑制炎症反应来实现。此外,地黄还被发现能够减轻LPS诱导的小鼠肠道炎症,保护肠道功能,这进一步证实了其抗炎作用的广泛性和有效性22。本研究结果显示:Spn诱导的肺炎大鼠,经不同剂量的复方地黄颗粒干预后,其BALF中IL-6和IL-8水平明显降低,IL-10水平显明显升高。提示复方地黄颗粒可通过调节炎症细胞因子的分泌来改善Spn诱导的肺炎大鼠肺部损伤。

目前,Spn诱导的肺炎治疗中,抗生素的频繁使用常引发耐药性,这可能与宿主肠道菌群的失衡密切相关。肠道菌群的平衡和肠道屏障系统的稳定是肠道生理功能的重要基础,对维持肠道内环境至关重要。作为人体肠道内的细菌总称,肠道菌群在物质代谢等方面发挥着积极作用,已成为宿主生理功能不可或缺的一部分23。研究24表明:肠道微生物群在宿主防御呼吸道感染病原体方面发挥着重要作用。这一观点可追溯至《黄帝内经》中的“肺与大肠相表里”论述,现代科学将其深化并命名为肺-肠轴25。诸多证据表明,肺与肠之间存在双向交流26。事实上,许多呼吸道感染患者都伴有胃肠道症状。例如,肺部感染已被证实会引发肠道细菌紊乱,从而诱发肠道损伤27。反之,胃肠道疾病患者也常出现呼吸道症状,如炎症性肠病患者肺功能常下降。此外,肠道损伤后出现的呼吸道症状进一步支持了肠道菌群破坏与其相关的观点。因此,通过调节肠道菌群,可以在一定程度上改善肺部感染情况,降低病情的严重程度。本研究通过对比分析发现,Spn感染不仅会导致肺部炎症,还会引发肠道细菌紊乱,这一结果与既往研究27-28结果相吻合,即肺部感染与肠道细菌失衡之间存在密切联系。本研究通过动物实验模型,探讨复方地黄颗粒对肠道菌群及肺炎症状的调节效果,结果显示:复方地黄颗粒治疗后,肠道微生物组的多样性显著改善, 表现为Chao1、 Shannon、 Simpson指数和Observed-species明显升高增加,且Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes比值明显降低。相关变化与肠道有益菌群的增加 (如RuminococcaceaeLachnospiraceaeLactobacillaceae)和有害菌群的减少(如Desulfovibrio)直接相关。本研究结果与既往关于复方地黄颗粒调节肠道菌群的研究29结果相一致。研究29表明:复方地黄颗粒能够增加短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的产生,尤其是丁酸盐,从而提高血清胰高糖素样肽1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)水平,这一机制与改善糖尿病小鼠的肠道微生态有关。肠道微生物多样性的改善和有益菌群的增加间接支持了复方地黄颗粒可能通过类似机制影响肠道代谢。此外,LI等22研究证实:复方地黄颗粒放的地黄成分能够调节肠道菌群,改善肠道炎症并维持肠道屏障功能。本研究中复方地黄颗粒对肠道菌群的积极影响,以及随之带来的肺炎症状改善,进一步支持了地黄及其复方制剂在调节肠道菌群和增强机体免疫力方面的潜力。

综上所述,本研究证实了Spn诱导肺炎治疗中抗生素耐药性与肠道菌群失衡的关联,通过动物实验模型验证了复方地黄颗粒在调节肠道菌群、改善肺炎症状方面的有效性,提示肠道菌群调节在肺炎治疗中具有重要作用,本研究为开发新的肺炎治疗策略提供了实验依据。

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基金资助

河北省中医药管理局中医药类科学研究项目(2025089)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

©《吉林大学学报(医学版)》编辑部,开放获取遵循CC BY-NC-ND协议。

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