葛根素对高脂饮食诱导小鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病的改善作用及其机制

陈思童 ,  杨丹 ,  李庆杰 ,  唐晓雷 ,  王汉 ,  刘扬扬 ,  刘铁军

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (01) : 44 -55.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (01) : 44 -55. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260106
基础研究

葛根素对高脂饮食诱导小鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病的改善作用及其机制

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Ameliorative effect of puerarin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet in mice and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨葛根素(Pue)对高脂饮食诱导小鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的改善作用,并阐明其可能的作用机制。 方法 将36只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低剂量Pue组(20.0 mg·kg-1)、中剂量Pue组(40.0 mg·kg-1)、高剂量Pue组(80.0 mg·kg-1)和阳性药组[阿托伐他汀钙(AT)组](10.0 mg·kg-1 AT),每组6只。除对照组小鼠给予正常饮食外,其余各组小鼠均给予高脂饮食喂养以建立NAFLD模型。测量各组小鼠体质量,并计算肝指数;采用HE染色观察各组小鼠肝组织病理形态表现;采用生化试剂盒测定各组小鼠血清和肝组织中总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)水平,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平,肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)水平以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,并检测肝组织中炎症因子[白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平。基于网络药理学框架,通过整合PubChem和SwissTargetPrediction等数据库预测Pue的潜在治疗靶点,结合GeneCards等平台获取的NAFLD相关疾病靶点构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络,并进行基因本体论(GO)功能和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)信号通路富集分析。采用Western blotting法检测各组小鼠肝组织中Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1(Keap1)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)和醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)蛋白表达水平。另取30只小鼠分为对照组、模型组、Pue组(80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue灌胃)、模型+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组(30.0 mg·kg-1 ML385腹腔注射)和Pue+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组(80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue灌胃+30 mg·kg-1 ML385腹腔注射),每组6只。再次检测上述氧化应激和炎症指标以及相关蛋白表达情况。 结果 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠体质量和肝指数明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠体质量以及肝指数明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。HE染色,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织出现明显的脂质积累和病理损伤;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织的脂滴积累情况以及病理损伤均有不同程度的改善。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中TC、TG、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MDA水平以及血清中TC、TG、ALT和AST水平明显升高(P<0.01),肝组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织中TC、TG、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MDA水平以及血清中TC、TG、ALT和AST水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),肝组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。网络药理学分析筛选获得Pue治疗NAFLD的核心靶点包括Nrf2、TNF和IL-6等,预测Pue可能通过调控氧化应激、炎症和凋亡等途径发挥作用。Western blotting法,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Nrf2抑制剂ML385干预后,与Pue组比较,Pue+ML385组小鼠肝组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MDA水平均明显升高(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.01)。 结论 Pue能够改善NAFLD小鼠的脂质代谢和肝功能,减轻肝脏损伤,提高肝组织抗氧化能力,并减少炎症因子释放,其机制可能与激活Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。

Abstract

Objective To explore the ameliorative effect of puerarin (Pue) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high-fat diet in the mice, and to clatrify its possible mechanism. Method A total of 36 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, low dose of Pue group (20.0 mg·kg-1), medium dose of Pue group (40.0 mg·kg-1), high dose of Pue group (80.0 mg·kg-1), and positive drug group [atorvastatin calcium (AT) group] (10.0 mg·kg-1 AT), with 6 mice in each group. Except for control group, in which the mice were given normal diet, all of the mice in the other groups were fed with high-fat diet to establish the NAFLD models. The body weights of the mice in various groups were measured, and the liver indexes was calculated; the pathomorphology of liver tissue of the mice in various groups was observed by HE staining method. The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in serum and liver tissue, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in serum, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver tissue, as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in liver tissue of the mice in various groups were detected by commercial biochemical assay kits. Within the framework of network pharmacology, the potential therapeutic targets of Pue were predicted by integrating multiple databases, including PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction, and other publicly available resources. These targets were cross-referenced with NAFLD-associated disease targets retrieved from GeneCards and other platforms, enabling the construction of a high-confidence protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analyses were performed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of Pue in NAFLD intervention; Western blotting method was used to detect the protein expression levels of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in liver tissue of the mice in various groups. Additionally, 30 mice were randomly divided into control group,​model group, Pue group (80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue gavage), model+Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 group (30.0 mg·kg-1 ML385 intraperitoneal administration), and Pue+ML385 group​(80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue gavage, 30 mg·kg-1 ML385 intraperitoneal administration). After treatment, the oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and protein expression levels metioned above were detected. Results Compared with control group, the body weight and liver index of the mice in model group were significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with model group, the body weight and liver index of the mice in low, medium, and high doses of Pue groups and AT group were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The HE staining results showed compared with control group there was significant lipid accumulation and pathological damage in liver tissue of the mice in model group; compared with model group, the accumulation of lipid droplets and pathological damage in liver tissue of the mice in low, medium, and high doses of Pue groups and AT group were improved to varying degrees. Compared with control group, the levels of TC, TG, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA in liver tissue of the mice in the model group, as well as the serum TC, TG, ALT, and AST levels were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in liver tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with model group, the levels of TC, TG, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA in liver tissue, as well as the levels of TC, TG, ALT, and AST in serum of the mice in low, medium, and high doses of Pue groups and AT group were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in liver tissue were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The Network pharmacology analysis results identified the core targets of Pue in treating NAFLD, including Nrf2, TNF, and IL-6, and predicted that Pue may exert its effects through regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group, the expression level of Keap1 protein in liver tissue of the mice in model group was increased (P<0.01), while the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 proteins were decreased (P<0.01); compared with model group, the expression levels of Keap1 protein in liver tissue of the mice in low, medium, and high doses of Pue groups and AT group were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 proteins were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After intervention with Nrf2 inhibitor ML385, compared with Pue group, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA in liver tissue of the mice in Pue+ML385 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the expression level of Keap1 protein in liver tissue was increased (P<0.01), and the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 proteins were decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion Pue can improve the lipid metabolism and liver function in the NAFLD mice, alleviate the liver damage, enhance the liver tissue antioxidant capacity, and reduce the release of inflammatory factors. Its mechanism may be related to the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Graphical abstract

关键词

葛根素 / 非酒精性脂肪性肝病 / 氧化应激 / 炎症 / 核因子E2相关因子2

Key words

Puerarin / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / Oxidative stress / Inflammation / Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

引用本文

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陈思童,杨丹,李庆杰,唐晓雷,王汉,刘扬扬,刘铁军. 葛根素对高脂饮食诱导小鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病的改善作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2026, 52(01): 44-55 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260106

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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是目前最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,其全球发病率约为30%1,并且是终末期肝病、原发性肝癌和肝移植的主要原因2。NAFLD的发生机制涉及多种互相关联的生理病理途径,其中氧化应激造成的氧化损伤、炎症和肝细胞凋亡是NAFLD进展的关键驱动因素3。Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1(kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素氧化酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)是一条经典的抗氧化信号通路4。研究5-6表明:激活该通路可显著降低肝脏活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,靶向调控氧化还原稳态,改善脂质代谢失衡。因此,激活Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路是一种针对NAFLD很有应用前景的治疗策略。葛根为豆科植物野葛或甘葛藤的干燥根茎,具有调控糖脂代谢稳态的生物学效应7。葛根素(Puerarin,Pue)作为葛根中主要的异黄酮类活性成分,具有稳定的理化特性和多靶点调控作用,展现出抑制炎症级联反应8、缓解氧化损伤9以及调控细胞凋亡进程10等多元药理活性。在NAFLD的病理进程中,Pue通过抑制脂肪从头合成通路,修复肝脏代谢功能紊乱等机制,能够显著改善肝脏脂质异位沉积、氧化应激和炎症反应11。本研究探讨Pue对NAFLD小鼠的改善作用,并结合网络药理学技术,阐明其药理学机制,以期为NAFLD的分子靶向治疗策略及Pue临床应用价值评估提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

选用36只6周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,体质量为(18±2)g,由辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司提供,动物生产许可证号:SCXK(辽)2020-0001。Pue[高压液相色谱(high performance liguid chromatography,HPLC)≥98%]和羧甲基纤维素钠购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司,阿托伐他汀钙(atorvastatin calcium,AT)片购自美国辉瑞制药有限公司,总 胆 固 醇(total cholesterol, TC)、 甘 油 三 酯(triglyceride,TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、 丙 二 醛 (malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)检测试剂盒及HE染色试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所,白细胞介素6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)酶 联 免 疫 吸 附 试 验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒购自上海酶联生物技术有限公司,Keap1、HO-1、醌氧化还原酶1(quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)和GAPDH抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术公司,Nrf2抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。全功能酶标仪(型号:Multiskan GO,美国Thermo公司),垂直电泳系统(型号:1658033)和垂直湿转系统(型号:1703930)购自美国Bio-Rad公司,倒置光学显微镜(型号:TS2,日本Nikon公司),ECL化学发光成像系统(型号:Odyssey FC,美国Protein Simple公司)。

1.2 实验动物分组、模型制备及处理

取36只小鼠随机分为6组(n=6):对照组、模型组、低剂量Pue组、中剂量Pue组、高剂量Pue组和阳性药组(AT组)。结合相关文献12-13,采用高脂饲料(脂肪含量60%)连续喂养12周建立NAFLD小鼠模型,而对照组小鼠则给予标准实验室饲料(脂肪含量10%)。第13周开始,根据相关文献14并结合课题组前期预实验结果,每日给药方案如下:低、中和高剂量Pue组小鼠分别给予20.0、40.0及80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue(溶解于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠)灌胃,AT组小鼠给予10.0 mg·kg-1 AT(溶解于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠)灌胃,对照组和模型组小鼠给予等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃。另取30只小鼠随机分为5组(n=6):对照组、模型组、Pue组、模型+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组和Pue+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组。造模方法同前。第13周开始,Pue组小鼠给予80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue灌胃,模型+Nrf2抑制剂组ML385组小鼠每天予以30.0 mg·kg-1 ML385腹腔注射,Pue+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组小鼠予以80.0 mg·kg-1 Pue灌胃并予以30.0 mg·kg-1 ML385腹腔注射,对照组和模型组小鼠予以相同剂量羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃。给药8周后采集各组小鼠肝脏组织和血液样本。

1.3 各组小鼠体质量检测和肝指数计算

取材前称量各组小鼠的体质量。取材后将各组小鼠肝脏称质量并计算肝指数,肝指数=肝脏质量(g)/体质量(g)×100%。

1.4 HE染色观察各组小鼠肝组织病理形态表现

取各组小鼠肝组织样本,采用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定后,乙醇梯度脱水,通过二甲苯溶液进行透明处理。将处理后的组织浸入石蜡中包埋,使用切片机切制5 μm厚度的连续切片。将切片依次进行苏木精染色和伊红染色,使用中性树胶封片后,通过光学显微镜观察各组小鼠肝组织病理形态特征,并采集数字化图像。

1.5 试剂盒检测各组小鼠血清中TC、TG、ALT和AST水平

收集各组小鼠血液,常温静置2 h后进行离心,分离出上层血清,参照生化试剂盒说明书对血清中上述指标进行测定。

1.6 试剂盒检测各组小鼠肝组织中TC、TG、IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MDA水平以及SOD和GSH-Px活性

称取各组小鼠肝组织样本,加入RIPA裂解液后,于低温组织研磨仪中进行机械匀浆。将所得匀浆液离心,取澄清层上清液,按照试剂盒操作指南检测肝组织中上述指标。

1.7 网络药理学预测Pue治疗NAFLD潜在靶点和通路

利用PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)数据库、Pharm Mapper (http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/)数据库和SwissTargetPrediction 数 据 库 (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)获取Pue的预测靶点。以“Homo sapiens”作为筛查物种,在Uniprot数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)中获得相应预测靶点的基因名,对其进行去重并整合。以“non-alcoholic fatty liver disease”为关键词,在Gene Cards (https://www.genecards.org/)数据库、人类在线孟德尔遗传(Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,OMIM)数据库 (https://www.omim.org/)、DrugBank数据库 (https://www.drugbank.ca/)、 疗效药靶数据库(Therapeutic Target Database,TTD)(https://bidd.nus.edu.sg/BIDD-Databases/TTD/TTD.asp/)、Pharm GKB(https://www.pharmgkb.org/)数据库中检索获得NAFLD疾病相关靶点。将Pue药物靶点与NAFLD的疾病靶点导入Venny 2.1.0在线分析平台(https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny)绘制韦恩图,获得Pue与NAFLD交集靶点。通过String数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络。利用Metascape数据库(https://metascape.org/)对交集靶点进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)功能和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)信号通路富集分析,并使用微生信平台(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/)进行可视化展示。

1.8 Western blotting法检测各组小鼠肝组织中Keap1、Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平

提取各组小鼠肝组织,采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取等量蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳及转膜。转膜完成后,使用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST缓冲液室温封闭1 h,随后分别加入Keap1、Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1和GAPDH一抗(4 ℃孵育过夜)。次日,二抗室温孵育1 h,通过化学发光法显色并曝光成像。采用Image J软件分析目的蛋白和GAPDH条带的灰度值,计算目的蛋白表达水平。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/GAPDH蛋白条带灰度值。

1.9 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行统计学分析及柱状图绘制。各组小鼠体质量,肝指数,血清和肝组织中TC、TG、ALT及AST水平,肝组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MDA水平以及SOD和GSH-Px活性,肝组织中Keap1、Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 各组小鼠体质量和肝指数

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠体质量和肝指数明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠体质量以及肝指数明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表1

2.2 各组小鼠肝组织病理形态表现

HE染色结果显示:对照组小鼠肝组织细胞形态规则,大小匀称,排列整齐,无脂肪变性;与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织可见大量脂肪空泡和炎症细胞浸润,肝细胞排列紊乱,肿胀;与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝脏脂质沉积以及炎症细胞浸润明显减少,肝细胞形态和排列均有不同程度地改善。见图1

2.3 各组小鼠肝组织以及血清中TC和TG水平

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织以及血清中TC和TG水平均明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织以及血清中TC和TG水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表2

2.4 各组小鼠血清中ALT和AST 水平

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平均明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表3

2.5 各组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平以及SOD和GSH-Px活性

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平明显升高(P<0.01),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表4

2.6 各组小鼠肝组织中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中IL‐6、IL‐1β和TNF‐α水平均明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织中IL‐6、IL‐1β和TNF‐α水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表5

2.7 Pue治疗NAFLD潜在靶点和通路

经筛选得到Pue潜在靶点177个,NAFLD相关疾病靶点787个,将药物与疾病靶点整合取交集并构建韦恩图,得到Pue治疗NAFLD的潜在靶点55个。根据交集基因构建PPI网络图,结果显示:核心靶点包括TNF、IL-6和Nrf2等。GO功能富集分析结果显示:主要生物过程包括氧化应激反应、ROS反应、凋亡和炎症信号通路等;细胞组成主要与膜筏、膜微区和膜区有关;主要分子功能包括蛋白磷酸酶结合、氧化还原酶活性和抗氧化活性等。KEGG信号通路富集分析的主要富集通路包括NAFLD、ROS、TNF、IL-17、凋亡、胰岛素抵抗以及脂质和动脉粥样硬化等。见图2

2.8 各组小鼠肝组织中Keap1、Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、中和高剂量Pue组及AT组小鼠肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见图3

2.9 ML385干预后各组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平以及SOD和GSH-Px活性

与Pue组比较,Pue+ML385组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平明显升高(P<0.05),SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见表6

2.10 ML385干预后各组小鼠肝组织中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平

与Pue组比较,Pue+ML385组小鼠肝组织中IL‐6、IL‐1β和TNF‐α水平均明显升高(P<0.05)。见表7

2.11 ML385干预后各组小鼠肝组织中Keap1、Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平

与Pue组比较,Pue+ML385组小鼠肝组织中Keap1蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),Nrf2、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.01)。见图4

3 讨 论

NAFLD的病理特征与脂质代谢紊乱和肝细胞损伤密切相关。高浓度TG和TC是NAFLD异常脂质代谢的特征性标志15,而ALT和AST水平的升高则直接反映了肝细胞的损伤程度。研究16显示:高脂饮食诱导小鼠的血清TC和TG水平明显升高,同时伴随着ALT和AST的异常释放,这与肝细胞内脂质合成增加、线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激损伤密切相关。本研究采用高脂饮食诱导成功建立NAFLD小鼠模型,模型组小鼠呈现典型脂质代谢紊乱特征:体质量和肝指数显著增加,肝组织中TC和TG水平以及血清中TC、TG、ALT和AST水平明显升高,HE染色结果显示肝实质细胞胞质内广泛分布的脂滴空泡及伴随的炎性细胞浸润。不同剂量的Pue干预均能有效缓解脂质积累和肝损伤程度。AT是临床上广泛用于降低血脂的一线药物,本研究结果显示:应用高剂量Pue在调节上述指标方面展现出与AT相当的治疗效果。上述结果共同揭示了Pue对NAFLD小鼠脂质代谢紊乱和肝损伤的改善作用。

氧化应激作为NAFLD的核心环节,既是肝脏病理损伤的主要诱因,又是疾病进展的主要因素17。TG的过度积累促使脂质过氧化增加,使得MDA等具有细胞毒性的氧化终末产物大量生成,而SOD和GSH-Px是内源性抗氧化防御体系的核心组分,可通过清除自由基和分解过氧化氢维持氧化还原稳态18。因此,MDA、SOD和GSH-Px可作为评价肝脏氧化损伤程度的生物学指标19。研究20表明:提高SOD和GSH-Px活性可有效改善高脂饮食模型动物的氧化应激水平,缓解NAFLD。目前研究10表明:Pue作为天然异黄酮类化合物,能够明显抑制脂质过氧化进程,在降低MDA生成的同时增强SOD和GSH-Px的抗氧化能力。本研究结果显示:与模型组比较,各剂量Pue组小鼠肝组织中MDA水平明显降低,SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高,表明Pue可有效缓解NAFLD小鼠肝脏氧化应激损伤。

NAFLD的病理进程中,肝脏脂质过度沉积可抑制线粒体功能活性,导致线粒体功能障碍并伴随ROS的大量生成21-22。作为炎症级联反应的关键触发因子,ROS通过激活氧化应激信号通路,促使IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α等促炎细胞因子及趋化因子的异常释放,继而引发肝脏炎症细胞浸润和纤维化进程,加速NAFLD发展23。临床荟萃分析24结果显示:血清中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平的异常升高与NAFLD发病风险呈显著正相关关系。研究25表明:Pue具有显著的抗炎效应,可有效降低高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠肝脏炎症水平,其作用机制涉及抑制炎症相关信号通路的激活。本研究结果显示:Pue干预可有效降低NAFLD模型小鼠肝组织中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平,缓解肝脏炎症微环境。

网络药理学作为整合多组学数据与生物信息学分析的系统生物学方法,能够揭示药物活性成分与疾病分子网络间的多维度相互作用,进而发现并探索药物靶点和分子机制26-27。本研究基于网络药理学策略,通过构建Pue-靶点-疾病交互网络,筛选出55个与NAFLD病理进程密切相关的潜在作用靶点。PPI网络图显示核心靶点包括Nrf2、TNF和IL-6等。KEGG功能富集分析进一步揭示其差异基因显著富集于氧化应激调控相关通路。综合上述证据提示:Pue可能通过靶向Nrf2信号轴,缓解氧化应激和炎症水平来发挥对NAFLD的治疗作用。

Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路作为细胞氧化还原稳态的核心调控枢纽,在氧化应激和炎症反应中发挥关键作用28。生理稳态条件下,Nrf2通过与Keap1结合形成动态复合物,经由泛素-蛋白酶体降解途径维持低水平表达;当细胞受到氧化损伤或炎症刺激时,Keap1构象变化触发Nrf2核转位,进而激活抗氧化反应元件驱动的下游基因转录,包括HO-1和NQO1等关键抗氧化酶29。该通路不仅通过清除ROS减轻氧化损伤,还可通过抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路活化,有效阻断TNF-α和IL-6等促炎因子的释放,形成抗氧化与抗炎效应的协同调控网络30。在NAFLD模型中,该通路的激活能够显著改善高脂饮食诱导的肝脏脂质过氧化和炎症微环境,改善肝组织病理学31-32

综上所述,本研究结果显示:Pue干预可明显降低NAFLD模型小鼠肝脏Keap1蛋白表达,同时上调Nrf2及其下游效应分子HO-1和NQO1的表达,提示其对Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的正向调控作用,并且采用Nrf2特异性抑制剂ML385处理后,Pue对肝组织氧化应激标志物、炎症因子及通路相关蛋白的调控效应均被显著逆转,提示Pue通过靶向激活Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1信号轴,实现对NAFLD的干预作用。

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基金资助

科技部国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704100)

吉林省科技厅科技发展计划项目(20210101199JC)

吉林省科技厅科技发展计划项目(YDZJ202301ZYTS475)

吉林省科技厅科技发展计划项目(YDZJ202301ZYTS460)

吉林省卫健委卫生健康科技能力提升项目(2022jc049)

吉林省教育厅科学技术研究项目(JJKH20230991KJ)

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