SIRT3对牙周炎模型小鼠破骨细胞分化和巨噬细胞活化的抑制作用及其机制

沈佳琪 ,  葛玘 ,  姚秀 ,  雷长海

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (03) : 581 -589.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (03) : 581 -589. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260301
基础研究

SIRT3对牙周炎模型小鼠破骨细胞分化和巨噬细胞活化的抑制作用及其机制

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Inhibitory effect of SIRT3 on osteoclast differentiation and macrophage activation in periodontitis model of mice and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨沉默调节蛋白3(SIRT3)缺失对牙周炎小鼠牙周组织病理损伤、破骨细胞活性及巨噬细胞极化的影响,并初步阐明其分子机制。 方法 12只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为SIRT3野生型(WT)小鼠组(SIRT3+/+组)和SIRT3基因敲除小鼠组(SIRT3―/―组),每组6只。建立小鼠牙周炎模型,分别于建模第7和14天取材。采用HE染色、番红O固绿染色和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色观察2组小鼠牙周组织病理形态表现及破骨细胞分布,免疫组织化学染色法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和分化集群163(CD163)蛋白表达水平,Western blotting法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、磷酸化P65(p-P65)和组织蛋白酶K(CTSK)蛋白表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中耐酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(ACP5)、MMP-9、核因子活化7淋巴细胞胞质1(NFATC1)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)mRNA表达水平,Micro-CT扫描分析2组小鼠牙周组织牙槽骨微观结构变化和牙槽骨损伤表面积。 结果 HE染色,SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙周组织中牙周膜排列整齐,炎性浸润及骨吸收陷窝较少;SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中牙周膜纤维排列紊乱、牙周膜水肿增宽,大量中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞弥漫浸润,牙槽骨缘呈蚕食状缺损,可见多核破骨细胞;建模第7天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率明显升高(P<0.05);建模第14天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率明显升高(P<0.01)。番红O固绿染色,SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙槽骨骨基质呈均匀的绿色结构,骨小梁表面光滑连续,骨陷窝内可见少量散在的红色颗粒,骨基质与骨髓腔界限清晰,无显著染色缺失区,胶原纤维排列致密整齐,未见断裂或溶解迹象;SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙槽骨骨基质绿色染色明显变淡、呈斑片状缺失,胶原纤维出现断裂、溶解,骨小梁表面粗糙不整,红色番红O阳性区域显著减少甚至消失,骨基质内出现多处无着色的空白区域,尤以骨吸收陷窝周围为著。建模第7和14天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠骨基质降解面积百分率均明显升高(P<0.01)。TRAP染色,建模第7天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中破骨细胞活性明显升高(P<0.05);建模第14天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中破骨细胞活性明显升高(P<0.01)。免疫组织化学染色法,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织可见大量iNOS强阳性细胞,呈片状分布;SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙周组织中阳性细胞少、染色浅;2组小鼠牙周组织中CD163阳性细胞均少量散在,染色强度弱。与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中iNOS蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。Western blotting法,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中MMP-9和p-P65蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05),CTSK蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。RT-qPCR法,牙周炎模型构建第3天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中TNF-α、ACP5、MMP-9NFATC1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.01);第5和7天时,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙周组织中ACP5MMP-9 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。Micro-CT扫描,在建模第14天小鼠牙周组织中表现出明显的牙槽骨吸收和牙龈组织的松弛及侵蚀;与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3―/―组小鼠牙槽骨损伤表面积明显增加(P<0.05)。 结论 SIRT3缺失可加重大鼠牙周炎模型中的牙槽骨吸收及牙周组织损伤,其机制可能与上调MMP-9和核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,促进巨噬细胞向促炎的M1表型极化,进而增强破骨细胞活性及骨基质降解有关。

Abstract

Objective To discuss the effects of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) deficiency on the pathological damage of periodontal tissues, osteoclast activity, and macrophage polarization in the mice with periodontitis, and to clarify the molecular mechanism. Methods Twelve C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into SIRT3 wild-type (WT) group(SIRT3+/+ group) and SIRT3 knockout group(SIRT3-/- group), with 6 mice in each group. A mouse periodontitis model was established, and the samples were collected on the 7th and 14th days of modeling. HE staining, Safranin O-Fast Green staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to observe the patholmorphology and osteoclast distribution in periodontal tissues of the mice in two groups; immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) proteins in periodontal tissues of the mice in two groups; Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), phosphorylated-P65(p-P65), and cathepsin K (CTSK) proteins in aperiodontal tissues of the mice in two groups; real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) method was used to detect the expression levels of acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5), MMP-9, nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA in periodontal tissues of the mice in two groups; Micro-CT scanning was used to analyze the changes of alveolar bone microstructure and the surface area of alveolar bone damage in periodontal tissues of the mice in two groups. Results The HE staining results showed that in SIRT3+/+ group, the periodontal ligament fibers in periodontal tissues were arranged neatly, with less inflammatory infiltration and bone resorption lacunae; in SIRT3-/- group, the periodontal ligament fibers in periodontal tissues were arranged disorderly, with pervodontal ligament edema and widening, a large number of neutrophils and lymphocytes diffusely infiltrated, and the alveolar bone margin showed moth-eaten defects with multinucleated osteoclasts. Compared with SIRT3+/+ group on the 7th day of modeling, the percentage of inflammatory area in periodontal ligament region of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.05); at 14th day of modeling, compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the percentage of inflammatory area in periodontal ligament region of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.01). The Safranin O-Fast Green staining results showed that in SIRT3+/+ group, the bone matrix of alveolar bone was uniformly green, the trabecular surface was smooth and continuous, a few scattered red granules were observed in the bone lacunae, the boundary between bone matrix and bone marrow cavity was clear without significant staining loss, and the collagen fibers were densely and neatly arranged without signs of fracture or dissolution; in SIRT3-/- group, the green staining of alveolar bone matrix was significantly lighter and showed patchy loss, the collagen fibers were fractured and dissolved, the trabecular surface was rough and irregular, the red safranin positive area was significantly reduced or even disappeared, and multiple unstained blank areas appeared in the bone matrix, especially around bone resorption lacunae. Compared with SIRT3+/+ group on the 7th and 14th days of modeling, the percentages of bone matrix degradation area of the mice in SIRT3-/- group were significantly increased (P<0.01). The TRAP staining results showed that on the 7th day of modeling, compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the steoclast activity in periodontal tissue of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.05); on the 14th day of modeling, compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the steoclast activity in periodontal tissue of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.01). The immunohistochemistry results showed that a large number of iNOS strongly positive cells were observed in periodontal tissue of the mice in SIRT3-/- group, distributed in patches; while in SIRT3+/+ group, there were few positive cells with light staining; CD163 positive cells in periodontal tissue of the mice in two groups were scattered and weakly stained. Compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the expression levels of iNOS protein in periodontal tissue of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.01). The Western blotting results showed that compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the expression levels of MMP-9 and p-P65 proteins in periodontal tissue of the mice in SIRT3-/- group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression level of CTSK protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The RT-qPCR method results showed that at 3rd day of modeling, compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the expression levels of TNF-αACP5MMP-9, and NFATC1 mRNA in periodontal tissues of the mice in SIRT3-/- group were significantly increased (P<0.01); on the 5th and 7th days of modeling, compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the expression levels of ACP5 and MMP-9 mRNA in periodontal tissues of the mice in SIRT3-/- group were significantly increased (P<0.01). The Micro-CT scanning results showed that on the 14th day of periodontitis model, obvious alveolar bone resorption and relaxation and erosion of gingiva tissue were observed in the alveolar bone tissue of the mice. Compared with SIRT3+/+ group, the surface area of alveolar bone damage of the mice in SIRT3-/- group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion SIRT3 deficiency aggravates alveolar bone resorption and periodontal tissue damage in a mouse periodontitis model, and the mechanism may be related to upregulation of MMP-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathways, promotion of macrophage polarization toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, and subsequent enhancement of osteoclast activity and bone matrix degradation.

Graphical abstract

关键词

牙周炎 / 沉默调节蛋白3 / 破骨细胞 / 巨噬细胞 / 诱导型一氧化氮合酶

Key words

Periodontitis / Sirtuin 3 / Osteoclasts / Macrophages / Inducible nitric oxide synthase

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
沈佳琪,葛玘,姚秀,雷长海. SIRT3对牙周炎模型小鼠破骨细胞分化和巨噬细胞活化的抑制作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2026, 52(03): 581-589 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260301

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牙周炎作为全球范围内口腔健康的主要威胁之一,其病理进程中不可逆的牙槽骨吸收直接导致牙齿丧失,传统机械清创和抗生素治疗对高易感性患者的疗效有局限性,对于新型治疗靶点的探索迫在眉睫1-3。近年研究4-6证实:牙槽骨动态失衡的核心机制在于炎症微环境中破骨细胞异常活化,而组织驻留巨噬细胞在此过程中不仅通过分泌肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等促炎因子加剧炎症级联反应,更可直接分化为功能性破骨细胞,形成“巨噬细胞-破骨细胞轴”的关键病理通路。这一发现为开发靶向调控骨免疫微环境的治疗策略提供了重要方向。沉默调节蛋白3(sirtuin3,SIRT3)作为线粒体功能的核心调控因子,已被证实可通过清除活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和调控细胞代谢在骨稳态维持中发挥重要作用。LING等7发现:SIRT3基因缺陷小鼠表现出破骨细胞分化增强及牙槽骨加速吸收表型,而KIM等8进一步揭示SIRT3蛋白激动剂可缓解实验性牙周炎骨破坏。研究9显示:SIRT3可通过抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路调控巨噬细胞极化模式,提示其可能通过双重机制干预“巨噬细胞-破骨细胞轴”,既抑制促炎M1型巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应,又直接干预破骨细胞前体分化。然而,目前关于SIRT3在牙周炎骨吸收中的细胞特异性作用机制及其在巨噬细胞极化与破骨细胞分化间的桥梁作用尚未完全阐明。本研究探讨SIRT3对巨噬细胞向破骨细胞谱系分化的调控机制,通过构建巨噬细胞条件性SIRT3敲除小鼠模型,结合单细胞测序技术解析炎症微环境中巨噬细胞亚群转变的动态特征,分析SIRT3通过代谢重编程调控巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化的分子机制,为开发基于SIRT3激活剂的靶向治疗提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

12只C57BL/6雄性小鼠,6~8周龄,体质量19~23 g,由上海属源生物科技有限公司提供,实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2024-0001。戊巴比妥钠(上海生化试剂有限公司),PCR试剂盒(日本Takara公司),HE染色试剂盒、番红O固绿染色试剂盒和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝生物技术公司),诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、 分 化 集 群 163(cluster of differentiation 163,CD163)、基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metallopeptidase-9,MMP-9)、P65、组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K,CTSK)、β微管蛋白(β-tubulin)、磷酸化P65(phosphorylated-P65,p-P65)、活化T细胞核因子1(nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1,NFATC1)和SIRT3抗体(英国Abcam公司)。Olympus BX53 显 微 镜(日 本 Olympus 公 司),Multifuge X1R 离 心 机(德 国 Thermo Fisher Scientific公司),CFX96 PCR仪和ChemiDoc MP成像仪(美国Bio-Rad 公 司),SKYSCAN 2214 micro CT(德 国Bruker公司)。

1.2 实验动物分组和处理

12只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为SIRT3野生型(WT)组(SIRT3+/+组)和SIRT3基因敲除组(SIRT3-/-组),每组6只。SIRT3-/-组小鼠通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建基因敲除模型,并经PCR基因型鉴定确认。采用右侧下颌第二磨牙丝线结扎法建立小鼠牙周炎模型:腹腔注射5 L·kg-1 2%戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,使用4-0丝线结扎小鼠第二磨牙牙颈部,结扎第7或14天处死小鼠取牙周组织样本。小鼠非结扎侧作为自身对照。

1.3 HE染色观察2组小鼠牙周组织病理形态表现

取小鼠牙周组织样本,4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后置于10% EDTA脱钙液(pH 7.4)中脱钙4周。梯度乙醇脱水、石蜡包埋后制备5 μm矢状切片。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化后,按HE染色试剂盒说明书操作,苏木精染核5 min,1%盐酸乙醇分化30 s,伊红染胞质1 min。中性树胶封片后于光学显微镜下观察。采用Image J 1.53软件计算小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率。牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率=炎性区域面积/总观察区域面积×100%。

1.4 番红O固绿染色观察2组小鼠骨基质和胶原纤维分布情况

取小鼠牙周组织样本,4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,置于10% EDTA脱钙液(pH 7.4)中脱钙4周。梯度乙醇脱水、石蜡包埋后制备5 μm矢状切片。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化后,按番红O固绿染色标准流程进行染色:0.1%番红O染液染色10 min,蒸馏水漂洗后浸入0.1%固绿染液染色5 min,梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明,中性树胶封片。于光学显微镜下观察。采用Image J软件计算小鼠骨基质降解面积百分率,评估小鼠骨基质和胶原纤维的完整性。骨基质降解面积百分率=降解区域面积(无番红O及固绿着色的空白区域)/骨组织总面积(含骨小梁外轮廓内所有区域)×100%。

1.5 TRAP染色评估2组小鼠牙周组织破骨细胞活性

取小鼠牙周组织样本,4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,置于10% EDTA脱钙液(pH 7.4)中脱钙4周。梯度乙醇脱水、石蜡包埋后制备5 μm矢状切片。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化后,按TRAP染色试剂盒说明书进行染色,TRAP工作液37 ℃避光孵育30~60 min,苏木素复染核1 min。中性树胶封片后于光学显微镜下观察。通过计数小鼠牙周骨表面TRAP阳性多核细胞(核≥3个)数量,评估破骨细胞活性。破骨细胞活性=TRAP阳性多核细胞(核≥3个)数量/单位面积(mm²)×100%。

1.6 免疫组织化学染色法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中iNOS和CD163蛋白表达情况

取小鼠牙周组织样本,经4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,10% EDTA脱钙液(pH 7.4)脱钙4周,常规石蜡包埋制备5 μm连续切片。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化后,采用0.4%胃蛋白酶37 ℃抗原修复20 min。3% H2O2阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性后,5% BSA室温封闭30 min。分别滴加一抗iNOS(1∶200)和CD163(1∶150),4 ℃孵育过夜。磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)洗涤后,HRP标记二抗室温孵育1 h,DAB显色,苏木素复染细胞核。阴性对照采用PBS缓冲液替代一抗。通过测量目标区域内所有阳性像素点的光密度值之和,即累积光密度值,代表小鼠牙周组织中相关蛋白表达水平。每组随机选取3个非连续切片进行定量分析。

1.7 Western blotting法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中相关蛋白表达水平

取小鼠牙周组织经液氮速冻后,采用RIPA裂解液冰上裂解30 min,4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min收集上清。BCA法测定蛋白浓度后,取30 μg蛋白样品经10% SDS-PAGE电泳分离,转印至PVDF膜。5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h,分别孵育MMP-9(1∶1 000)、CTSK(1∶800)、p-P65(1∶500)及β-tubulin(1∶5 000)一抗,4 ℃过夜。TBST溶液洗涤后,相应HRP标记二抗(1∶5 000)室温孵育1 h。ECL化学发光显影,采用Image Lab软件分析蛋白条带灰度值,以β-tubulin为内参,计算目的蛋白表达水平。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/内参蛋白条带灰度值。

1.8 实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)法检测2组小鼠牙周组织中ACP5MMP-9NFATC1和TNF-α mRNA表达水平

取小鼠牙周组织,立即置于液氮中速冻,-80 ℃保存备用。细胞样本处理:分离SIRT3+/+与SIRT3-/-小鼠骨髓单核细胞,以含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、30 μg·L-1巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(marcrophage clonony stimulating factor,M-CSF)的α-MEM培养基培养。加入50 μg·L-1核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand,RANKL)诱导破骨分化7 d,收集第1天、第3天、第5天和第7天的细胞进行检测。采用TRIzol法提取总RNA,NanoDrop测定浓度及纯度。取1 μg RNA经PrimeScript RT试剂盒反转录合成cDNA。采用SYBR Green Master Mix在QuantStudio 6 Flex系统上进行RT-qPCR反应,反应体系(20 μL)含10 μL Master Mix、1 μL cDNA、0.4 μL上下游引物及8.2 μL ddH2O。反应程序:95 ℃,30 s预变性;95 ℃、5 s,60 ℃、30 s,40个循环。以β-tubulin为内参,采用2-△△Ct法计算ACP5MMP-9NFATC1TNF-α mRNA表达水平。引物序列为ACP5 F:5'-CTGGAGTGCACGATGCCCTCG-3',ACP5 R:5'-TCCGTGCTCGGCAAATGGTCC-3';MMP-9 F:5'-GGAACTCACACGACATCTTCC-3', MMP-9 R:5'-GGCACGCTGGAATGATCTA-3';NFATC1 F:5'-TCACCTGGTGTTCTTCCTCCT-3',NFATC1 R:5'-GCAGAAAGGAGGGGTAAAG-3'; TNF-α F:5'-CAGGCGGTGCCTATGTCTC-3',TNF-α R:5'-ATCACCCCGAAGTTCAGTAG-3';β-tubulin F:5'-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3',β-tubulin R:5'-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3'。

1.9 Micro-CT分析2组小鼠牙槽骨微观结构变化和牙槽骨损伤表面积

小鼠牙槽骨组织样本经4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,采用Skyscan 1272高分辨率Micro-CT系统进行扫描。扫描参数设置:电压50 kV,电流200 μA,像元分辨率10 μm,旋转角度0.4°,曝光时间500 ms,使用0.5 mm铝滤片减少光束硬化效应。扫描完成后,采用NRecon软件(v1.7.4.2)进行三维重建,CTvox(v3.3.0)进行三维可视化。采用CTAn软件(v1.20.8.0)进行三维定量分析,通过统一的灰度阈值进行二值化分割,提取小鼠牙槽骨组织区域。采用软件内置的3D表面构建算法计算2组小鼠牙槽骨损伤表面积。

1.10 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计学分析。2组小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率,骨基质降解面积百分率,破骨细胞活性,相关蛋白表达水平,牙周组织中MMP-9、p-P65和CTSK蛋白表达水平ACP5MMP-9NFATC1TNF-α mRNA表达水平均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 2组小鼠牙周组织病理形态表现

在小鼠牙周组织中,SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙周组织牙周膜纤维排列整齐,炎性浸润及骨吸收陷窝较少。SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中牙周膜纤维排列紊乱、牙周膜水肿增宽,大量中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞弥漫浸润,牙槽骨缘呈蚕食状缺损,可见多核破骨细胞。见图1。建模第7天,与SIRT3+/+组(5.1%±3.8%)比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率(18.6%±8.5%)明 显 升 高(P<0.05);建模第 14 天, 与 SIRT3+/+ 组 (13.8%±2.1%) 比 较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周膜区域炎症面积百分率(37.2%±4.5%)明显升高(P<0.01)。

2.2 2组小鼠牙周组织中骨基质和胶原纤维分布情况及骨基质降解面积

番红O固绿染色结果显示:SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙槽骨骨基质呈均匀的绿色结构(代表胶原纤维),骨小梁表面光滑连续,骨陷窝内可见少量散在的红色颗粒(代表蛋白多糖)。骨基质与骨髓腔界限清晰,无显著染色缺失区,胶原纤维排列致密整齐,未见断裂或溶解迹象。SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙槽骨骨基质绿色染色明显变淡、呈斑片状缺失,胶原纤维出现断裂、溶解,骨小梁表面粗糙不整;红色番红O阳性区域显著减少甚至消失,骨基质内出现多处无着色的空白区域(即骨基质降解区),尤以骨吸收陷窝周围为著。同时,SIRT3-/-组可见大量体积增大的TRAP阳性破骨细胞沿骨吸收陷窝排列。建模第7天,与SIRT3+/+组(18.7%±5.0%)比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠骨基质降解面积百分率(57.2%±5.1%)明显升高(P<0.01)。建模第14天,与SIRT3+/+组(6.2%±4.1%)比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠骨基质降解面积百分率(17.2% ± 5.4%)明 显 升 高(P<0.01)。提 示SIRT3缺失导致破骨细胞活性异常增强,骨基质和胶原纤维降解加剧。见图2

2.3 2组小鼠牙周组织中破骨细胞活性

建模第7天,与SIRT3+/+组(5.81%±2.1%)比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中破骨细胞活性(10.2%±2.5%)明显升高(P<0.05);建模第14天,与SIRT3+/+组(14.5%±1.4%)比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中破骨细胞活性(38.2%±3.4%)明显升高(P<0.01)。见图3

2.4 2组小鼠牙周组织中iNOS和CD163表达水平

SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织可见大量iNOS强阳性细胞,呈片状分布;SIRT3+/+组小鼠牙周组织中阳性细胞少,染色浅。2组小鼠牙周组织中CD163阳性细胞均少量散在,染色强度弱。见图4。与SIRT3+/+ 组 (1.8±0.9 和 1.9±0.7) 比 较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中iNOS蛋白表达水平(3.3±1.3)明显升高(P<0.01),CD163蛋白表达水平(1.4±0.4)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。提示SIRT3缺失选择性促进巨噬细胞向M1表型极化。

2.5 2组小鼠牙周组织中MMP-9、p-P65和CTSK蛋白表达水平

在小鼠牙周组织中,与SIRT3+/+组比较(7.13±0.87、6.81±0.80和1.00±0.01),SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中MMP-9和p-P65蛋白表达水平(13.19±0.28和11.57±0.20)均明显升高(P<0.05),CTSK蛋白表达水平(0.61±0.05)明显降低(P<0.05)。见图5

2.6 2组小鼠牙周组织中相关基因mRNA表达水平

牙周炎模型构建第3天,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中TNF-αACP5、MMP-9NFATC1 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。第5和7天时,与SIRT3+/+组比较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙周组织中ACP5MMP-9 mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。见表1

2.7 2组小鼠牙槽骨微观结构变化和牙槽骨损伤表面积

建模第14天,小鼠牙周组织中表现出明显的牙槽骨吸收和牙龈组织的松弛和侵蚀。见图6。与 SIRT3+/+ 组 (42.15% ± 6.34%) 比 较,SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙槽骨损伤表面积(67.92%± 6.96%)明显增加(P<0.05)。

3 讨 论

本研究阐明了SIRT3在牙周炎中的关键作用和机制。在小鼠体内,由于TRAP阳性细胞增加,SIRT3缺失导致牙槽骨丢失和牙周组织炎症加剧。此外,SIRT3缺乏可通过体外激活NF-κB通路增强破骨细胞分化。FAN等10研究发现:牙周炎患者牙周组织中p-P65水平升高。本研究结果显示:增加SIRT3表达可能会抑制破骨细胞分化,从而减轻牙周炎。

临床样本研究10发现:牙周炎患者牙周组织中SIRT3和p-P65表达上调。这一结果与EKE等2的研究结果一致,其报告了牙周炎患者的p-P65水平升高。P65的磷酸化提示NF-κB信号通路被激活,该通路在炎症反应中起关键作用11。由此推测,SIRT3与NF-κB通路的激活在牙周炎的发生发展中可能存在某种关联。

在体内实验中,SIRT3缺失导致牙槽骨丢失和牙龈组织炎症加剧,这表现为TRAP阳性细胞增加12。这一结果与既往研究4报道相符,即在5周龄雌性小鼠中,SIRT3的下调促进了破骨细胞的形成和RANKL诱导的牙槽骨丢失。SIRT3可以刺激破骨细胞祖细胞分化为破骨细胞,而SIRT3的缺失会显著减弱年龄或雌激素诱导的牙槽骨丢失13-14。提示SIRT3在牙槽骨代谢中的作用较为复杂,可能因实验动物的年龄、生理状态等因素而有差异。本研究诱导牙周炎模型后发现:SIRT3-/-组小鼠牙槽骨破坏、破骨细胞生成和蛋白多糖表达降低均较SIRT3+/+组小鼠更为严重,这与LI等14的研究结果一致,进一步支持了SIRT3缺失促进牙周炎发展的观点。

细胞因子在破骨细胞生成和牙周炎进展中扮演重要角色。促炎性M1巨噬细胞偏向可促进牙周炎的进展15-16。本研究结果显示:SIRT3缺失导致牙周炎小鼠的巨噬细胞M1极化,表现为M1巨噬细胞标志物iNOS表达水平升高,而M2巨噬细胞标志物CD163表达水平无显著差异。这一结果与既往研究17-18SIRT3沉默会诱导暴露于激光的小鼠中的iNOS上调相一致。同时,SIRT3缺乏增强了老年牙周炎小鼠牙龈组织中TRAP和IL-6的表达19。本研究结果显示:SIRT3-/-促进了破骨细胞生长因子的表达并抑制了破骨细胞分化抑制剂的表达,从而产生促进破骨细胞分化的作用10

成熟的破骨细胞分泌酸性物质如TRAP和CTSK,导致牙槽骨表面降解11。NFATC1作为诱导破骨细胞分化的主要转录因子,可激活TRAP和CTSK11。本研究结果显示:SIRT3缺失刺激了MMP-9和P65表达,降低了CTSK表达20。研究21证实:牙周炎患者龈沟液中CTSK表达增加,促进破骨细胞溶解,抑制CTSK可能有助于缓解牙周炎22。同时,牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱发的大鼠牙周炎以P65激活为特征,抑制P65活化可减轻炎症并减轻牙周炎14。牙周炎大鼠牙龈组织中MMP-9水平升高,导致胶原蛋白降解和破骨细胞生成15。牙槽骨髓间充质干细胞中SIRT3表达升高会降低MMP-9水平16。上述研究均表明SIRT3缺失可能通过激活NF-κB通路,影响相关蛋白表达,进而加剧牙周炎进展。

此外,巨噬细胞产生的白细胞介素12(interleukin-12,IL-12)可抑制破骨细胞活性并下调NFATC1表达,从而抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成潜能23。提示SIRT3缺乏可能会促进巨噬细胞的M1极化,进而推动牙周炎的发展。

综上所述,SIRT3可能通过激活NF-κB通路促进巨噬细胞的M1极化,从而刺激破骨细胞分化并促进牙槽骨吸收,最终加剧牙周炎的发展。SIRT3缺乏会刺激骨髓来源巨噬细胞分化为破骨细胞,增强SIRT3的干预措施可能对牙周炎的治疗有益。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32471123)

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