骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对哮喘模型小鼠气道阻力和肺组织病变的改善作用及其机制

徐丽娜 ,  何小双 ,  辛雯艳 ,  邬超

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (03) : 602 -611.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (03) : 602 -611. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260303
基础研究

骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对哮喘模型小鼠气道阻力和肺组织病变的改善作用及其机制

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Improvement effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on airway resistance and lung tissue lesion in mice of asthmatic models and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)来源的外泌体(BMSC-exos)对小鼠哮喘的影响,并阐明其机制。 方法 提取BMSCs,检测其标志物表达情况。将BMSCs分别转染微小RNA(miR)-26a mimic(mimic-miR-26a)、miR-NC和miR-26a inhibitor(inh-miR-26a),并提取相应外泌体(mimic-miR-26a exos、miR-NC exos和inh-miR-26a exos),小鼠给予卵清蛋白(OVA)和氢氧化铝构建小鼠哮喘模型,造模成功的50只小鼠随机分为模型组、BMSC-exos组、miR-NC exos组、mimic-miR-26a exos组和inh-miR-26a exos组,每组10只,未造模10只小鼠作为对照组,并每天分别给予10 μg BMSC-exos、miR-NC exos、mimic-miR-26a exos、inh-miR-26a exos和等体积磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),采用HE染色观察各组小鼠肺组织病理形态表现,使用小动物肺功能检测仪检测各组小鼠气道阻力,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测各组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平,双萤光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-26a与Toll样受体4(TRL4)的靶向关系,Western blotting法检测各组小鼠肺组织中TRL4蛋白表达水平。 结果 提取的BMSCs高表达其标志物分化簇(CD)44和CD105,不表达CD45和CD34,提示BMSCs提取成功。BMSC-exos粒径约为100 nm,双层膜,呈“杯托”样,符合外泌体的结构特征,BMSC-exos表达肿瘤易感基因101(TSG101)、CD9和CD81,符合外泌体的生物学特征。HE染色,对照组小鼠肺组织结构正常,肺泡间隔无明显增宽,未见明显炎症细胞浸润;模型组小鼠肺组织结构紊乱,肺泡结构损伤明显,肺泡间隔明显增宽,存在大量的炎症细胞浸润,杯状细胞大量增生,肺损伤明显,造模成功;BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织结构紊乱明显缓解,炎症细胞浸润减少,肺泡结构损伤减少;miR-26a BMSC-exos处理后,对照组小鼠肺组织结构正常;模型组小鼠肺组织炎症细胞大量浸润,肺泡结构损伤明显,杯状细胞明显增生,肺泡间隔明显增宽,肺损伤明显;与模型组比较,miR-NC exos组小鼠肺组织病变程度减轻,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织病变程度进一步减轻。在6.25、12.50、25.00和50.00 g·L-1乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)作用下,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠气道阻力明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05)。在6.25、12.50、25.00和50.00 g·L-1 Mch作用下,与模型组比较,miR-NC exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠气道阻力明显升高(P<0.05)。RT-qPCR法,与miR-NC exos比较,mimic-miR-26a exos中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。双萤光素酶报告基因实验,与转染TLR4野生型(WT)和miR-NC组比较,转染TLR4 WT和miR-26a组细胞相对萤光素酶活性明显降低(P<0.05),提示TLR4miR-26a靶基因。Western blotting法,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。 结论 BMSC-exos可降低哮喘模型小鼠的气道阻力,减轻肺组织病变程度,其机制可能与BMSC-exos促使miR-26a传递至肺组织并抑制TLR4表达有关。

Abstract

Objective To discuss the effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) (BMSC-exos) on asthma in the mice, and to clarify the mechanism. Methods The BMSCs were extracted, and the expressions of its markers were detected. The BMSCs were transfected with microRNA (miR)-26a mimic (mimic-miR-26a), miR-NC and miR-26a inhibitor (inh-miR-26a), respectively, and the corresponding exosomes (mimic-miR-26a exos, miR-NC exos and inh-miR-26a exos) were extracted. Mouse asthma model was established by administering ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide to the mice. The 50 successfully modeled mice were randomly divided into model group, BMSC-exos group, miR-NC exos group, mimic-miR-26a exos group and inh-miR-26a exos group, with 10 mice in each group, and 10 non-modeled mice were regarded as control group. Each group was administered daily with 10 μg of BMSC-exos, miR-NC exos, mimic-miR-26a exos, inh-miR-26a exos and an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. HE staining was used to observe the pathomorphological manifestations of lung tissue of the mice in various groups; small animal lung function test instrument was used to detect the airway resistance of mice in various groups; real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) method was used to detect the expression levels of miR-26a in the lung tissue of mice in various groups; dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-26a and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); Western blotting method was used to detect the expression level of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue of mice in various groups. Results The extracted BMSCs highly expressed their markers cluster of differentiation(CD)44 and CD105, but did not express CD45 and CD34, indicating that BMSCs were successfully extracted. The particle size of BMSC-exos was about 100 nm, with a bilayer membrane and a “cup-shaped” morphology, which conformed to the structural characteristics of exosomes. BMSC-exos expressed tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), CD9 and CD81, which conformed to the biological characteristics of exosomes. HE staining results showed that the lung tissue structure of mice in control group was normal, the alveolar septum was not significantly widened, and no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration was observed; the lung tissue structure of mice in model group was disordered, the alveolar structure was obviously damaged, the alveolar septum was significantly widened, there was a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cells were hyperplastic, and lung injury was obvious, indicating successful modeling; in BMSC-exos group, the lung tissue structure disorder of mice was significantly alleviated, the inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced, and the alveolar structure damage was reduced; after treatment with miR-26a BMSC-exos, the lung tissue structure of mice in control group was normal; in model group, a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the lung tissue, the alveolar structure was obviously damaged, goblet cells were obviously hyperplastic, the alveolar septum was significantly widened, and lung injury was obvious; compared with model group, the degree of lung tissue lesions in miR-NC exos group was alleviated, and the degree of lung tissue lesions in mimic-miR-26a exos group was further alleviated. The small animal lung function test results showed that under the action of 6.25, 12.50, 25.00 and 50.00 g·L-1 methacholine (Mch), compared with control group, the airway resistance of mice in model group was significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the airway resistance of mice in BMSC-exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Under the action of 6.25, 12.50, 25.00 and 50.00 g·L-1 Mch, compared with model group, the airway resistance of mice in miR-NC exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with miR-NC exos group, the airway resistance of mice in mimic-miR-26a exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the airway resistance of mice in inh-miR-26a exos group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method results showed that compared with miR-NC exos, the expression level of miR-26a in mimic-miR-26a exos was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression level of miR-26a in inh-miR-26a exos was significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with control group, the expression level of miR-26a in the lung tissue of mice in model group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the expression level of miR-26a in the lung tissue of mice in BMSC-exos group was significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with miR-NC exos group, the expression level of miR-26a in the lung tissue of mice in mimic-miR-26a exos group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression level of miR-26a in the lung tissue of mice in inh-miR-26a exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The dual luciferase reporter gene assay results showed that compared with the cells transfected with TLR4 wild type (WT) and miR-NC group, the relative luciferase activity of cells in group transfected with TLR4 WT and miR-26a was significantly decreased (P<0.05), indicating that TLR4 was the target gene of miR-26a. The Western blotting method results showed that compared with control group, the expression level of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue of mice in model group was significantly increased (P<0.05); compared with model group, the expression level of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue of mice in BMSC-exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with miR-NC exos group, the expression level of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue of mice in mimic-miR-26a exos group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the expression level of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue of mice in inh-miR-26a exos group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion BMSC-exos can reduce airway resistance and alleviate the degree of lung tissue lesions in the asthmatic model mice, its mechanism may be related to BMSC-exos promoting the delivery of miR-26a to the lung tissue and inhibiting the expression of TLR4.

Graphical abstract

关键词

骨髓间充质干细胞 / 外泌体 / 哮喘 / 气道阻力 / 微小RNA-26a / Toll样受体4

Key words

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells / Exosomes / Asthma / Airway resistance / MicroRNA-26a / Toll-like receptor 4

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徐丽娜,何小双,辛雯艳,邬超. 骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对哮喘模型小鼠气道阻力和肺组织病变的改善作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2026, 52(03): 602-611 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260303

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支气管哮喘是常见的儿童呼吸系统慢性疾病,伴有胸闷、咳嗽和呼吸急促等临床症状1-2。近年来,哮喘的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,患者需常年服用糖皮质激素等激素类药物,但半数患者治疗效果不佳,并伴随感染等不良反应3。由于哮喘的发生发展机制尚未明确,多数治疗方法为抑制炎症和气管收缩等,并未对哮喘引起的气道和肺损伤起到显著治疗效果4-5。外泌体是一类粒径为30~100 nm的胞外囊泡,内含母细胞的mRNA和微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)等遗传物质6。研究7显示:间充质干细胞外泌体携带间充质干细胞的遗传物质,与间充质干细胞有相似的功能,可缓解哮喘的发生发展。DONG等8研究发现:间充质干细胞外泌体可重塑哮喘小鼠的气道并缓解炎症。DEHNAVI等9发现:间充质干细胞外泌体可作为药物递送载体而治疗哮喘。本研究探讨小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs) 来源的外泌体 (BMSC-derived exosomes,BMSC-exos)调控哮喘发展的新机制,旨在为BMSC-exos治疗哮喘的临床研究提供帮助。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

63只SPF级雌性、6~8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠购自新疆维吾尔自治区疾病预防控制中心,实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(新)2021-0001,小鼠饲养于石河子大学实验动物中心,湿度(25±2)℃,湿度(55±2)%和12 h昼夜交替的SPF级动物房,实验动物使用许可证号:SYXK(新)2023-0003。本动物实验均通过石河子大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批(伦理审批号:2023-162-01)。卵清蛋白(ovalbumins,OVA)、氢氧化铝和异氟烷购自北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司,乙酰甲胆碱(methacholine,Mch)购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司,双萤光素酶报告基因试剂盒购自上海翊圣生物科技有限公司,LipofectamineTM 3000购自美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司,HiScript Ⅱ Q RT SuperMix for qPCR和Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司,肿瘤易感基因101(tumor susceptibility gene 101,TSG101)、分化簇(cluster of differentiation,CD)9 、CD81、CD44、CD105、CD35、CD45、Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TRL4)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)抗体和山羊抗鼠IgG二抗购自美国Cell signal Technology公司,miR-26a mimic、miR-NC和miR-26a inhibitor由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。HT7800透射电镜购自日本日立公司,Quantstudio 3 qPCR仪购自美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司,FlexiVent小动物肺功能检测仪购自上海涵飞医疗器械有限公司,SpectraMax i3x多功能酶标仪购自美国Molecular Devices公司。

1.2 BMSCs分离、培养和鉴定

解剖3只小鼠,取小鼠股骨和胫骨组织,用无菌生理盐水清洗后,剪开股骨和胫骨两端,冲洗出股骨和胫骨骨髓,红细胞裂解液裂解红细胞后,收集细胞,并接种于培养皿中,培养细胞1周,每2 d更换一次培养基,收集贴壁的梭形细胞即为BMSCs。使用流式细胞术鉴定BMSCs中标志物CD44(阳性)、CD105(阳性)、CD44(阴性)和CD105(阴性)。

1.3 BMSCs转染miR-26a mimic和miR-26a inhibitor

将BMSCs接种于10 cm细胞培养皿中,使用LipofectamineTM 3000转染试剂,将miR-26a mimic(mimic-miR-26a)、 miR-NC和miR-26a inhibitor(inh-miR-26a)转染至BMSCs,转染48 h后,收集培养上清,提取外泌体。

1.4 外泌体提取及鉴定

根据参考文献[10],收集BMSCs培养上清及转染mimic-miR-26a、miR-NC和inh-26a的BMSCs培养上清,过0.22 μm滤膜,收集滤液,10 000 g离心1 h;收集上清100 000 g离心1 h,沉淀即为BMSC-exos、mimic-miR-26a exos、miR-NC exos和inh-miR-26a exos。取20 μL BMSC-exos滴加至铜网,红外灯烘烤5 min,滴加1滴磷钨酸染色10 min,红外灯烘烤5 min后,滤纸吸干多余染色液,透射电镜观察外泌体结构。Western blotting法鉴定外泌体标志物TSG101、CD9和CD81表达情况。

1.5 哮喘模型制备、处理和分组

60只C57BL/6J小鼠,取50 只小鼠腹腔注射200 μL 3 g·L-1 OVA和5%氢氧化铝混合液作为致敏剂,隔日注射1次,连续注射3次,然后滴鼻给予6 g·L-1 OVA和5%氢氧化铝混合液诱导哮喘,小鼠出现明显的呼吸急促、伴有腹肌抽动并肢体呈团状等症状即为哮喘模型,将造模成功的50只模型小鼠随机分为模型组(生理盐水尾静脉注射)、BMSC-exos组(BMSC-exos尾静脉注射)、miR-NC exos组(转染miR-NC的BMSCs提取外泌体尾静脉注射)、mimic-miR-26a exos组(转染miR-26a mimic的BMSCs提取外泌体尾静脉注射)和inh-miR-26a exos组(转染miR-26a inhibitor的BMSCs提取外泌体尾静脉注射),未进行处理的10只小鼠作为对照组(生理盐水尾静脉注射),上述各组外泌体注射的剂量均为10 μg·d-1,连续注射7 d。

1.6 HE染色观察各组小鼠肺组织病理形态表现

给药治疗结束后,解剖取小鼠肺组织,并固定于4%多聚甲醛中12 h,固定后将肺组织包埋于石蜡中,并使用石蜡切片机切片,所得切片依次浸入二甲苯Ⅰ 10 min;二甲苯Ⅱ 10 min;无水乙醇Ⅰ 5 min;无水乙醇Ⅱ 5 min;95%乙醇5 min;90%乙醇5 min;80%乙醇5 min;70%乙醇5 min;水洗1次。切片依次经苏木素和伊红染色10 min,脱水后,使用中性树脂封片,显微镜下观察并拍照,观察各组小鼠肺组织病理损伤情况。

1.7 使用小动物肺功能检测仪检测各组小鼠气道阻力

各组小鼠给药结束后使用异氟烷麻醉,气管插管后,用0、6.25、12.50、25.00和50.00 g·L-1 Mch激发小鼠气道阻力变化,使用FlexiVent小动物肺功能检测仪检测各组小鼠气道阻力,气道阻力是指气道内单位流量所产生的压力差,以每秒内通气量为1 L时的压力差来表示[单位:cmH₂O·(L·s)-1]。

1.8 实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)法检测各组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平

治疗结束后解剖取各组小鼠肺组织,使用TRIzol试剂提取外泌体及各组小鼠肺组织总RNA,使用核酸定量仪进行RNA浓度定量,采用HiScript Ⅱ Q RT SuperMix for qPCR试剂盒逆转录合成cDNA,采用Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒进行RT-qPCR法反应,反应程序:95 ℃、30 s,95 ℃、10 s,60 ℃、20 s,40次循环。采用2-△△Ct法计算miR-26a表达水平。引物序列见表1

1.9 双萤光素酶报告基因实验检测miR-26aTLR4的靶向关系

TargetScan数据库预测miR-26aTLR4结合位点,将TLR4野生序列(TRL4 WT)和TLR4突变序列(TRL4 MUT)克隆至pmiR-RB-REPORTTM双萤光素酶的报告载体,根据LipofectamineTM 3000试剂盒将TLR4 WT和TRL4 MUT转染至293T细胞,然后分别转染mimic-miR-26a和miR-NC至上述细胞,采用双萤光素酶报告基因试剂盒检测各组细胞的相对萤光素酶活性。相对萤光素酶活性=萤火虫萤光素酶强度/海肾萤光素酶强度。

1.10 Western blotting法检测各组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平

取各组小鼠肺组织,加入RIPA蛋白裂解液后使用组织研磨仪研磨均匀,研磨液以12 000 r·min-1离心15 min,上清即为组织总蛋白,蛋白定量后,取10 μg蛋白进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)60 min,将蛋白湿法转至聚偏二氟乙烯膜(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF),PVDF膜与TLR4抗体(1∶1 000)和GAPDH抗体(1∶2 000)4 ℃孵育过夜,洗膜后与山羊抗鼠IgG二抗(1∶2 000)室温孵育1 h,洗膜后使用显影液曝光并拍照,采用Image J软件分析蛋白条带灰度值,计算目的蛋白表达水平。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/GAPDH蛋白条带灰度值。

1.11 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行统计学分析及图像绘制。各组小鼠气道阻力,各组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平和TLR4蛋白表达水平及外泌体中miR-26a表达水平均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间样本均数两两比较采用LSD-t检验,2组间样本均数比较采用两独立样本t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 BMSCs的鉴定

提取的BMSCs高表达其标志物CD44和CD105蛋白,不表达CD45和CD34蛋白,提示BMSCs提取成功。见图1

2.2 BMSC-exos结构和标志物表达鉴定

BMSC-exos粒径约为100 nm,双层膜,呈“杯托”样,符合外泌体的结构特征。Western blotting法检测外泌体标志物, 结果显示: BMSC-exos表达TSG101、CD9和CD81蛋白,符合外泌体的生物学特征,可用于后续实验。见图2

2.3 各组小鼠肺组织病理形态表现

HE染色结果显示:对照组小鼠肺组织结构正常,肺泡间隔无明显增宽,未见明显炎症细胞浸润;模型组小鼠肺组织结构紊乱,肺泡结构损伤明显,肺泡间隔明显增宽,存在大量的炎症细胞浸润,杯状细胞大量增生,肺损伤显著,造模成功;BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织结构紊乱明显缓解,炎症细胞浸润减少,肺泡结构损伤减少。见图3

miR-26a BMSC-exos处理后,对照组小鼠肺组织结构正常;模型组小鼠肺组织炎症细胞大量浸润,肺泡结构损伤明显,杯状细胞明显增生,肺泡间隔明显增宽,肺损伤明显;与模型组比较,miR-NC exos组小鼠肺组织病变程度减轻,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织病变程度进一步减轻,inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织病变程度无明显差异。见图4

2.4 各组小鼠的气道阻力

在6.25、12.50、25.00和50.00 g·L-1 Mch作用下,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠气道阻力明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05)。见表2

在6.25、12.50、25.00和50.00 g·L-1 Mch作用下,与模型组比较,miR-NC exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠气道阻力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠气道阻力明显降低(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠气道阻力明显升高(P<0.05)。见表3

2.5 差异表达miR-26a的BMSC-exos及各组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平

与miR-NC exos比较,mimic-miR-26a exos中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),即差异表达miR-26a的BMSC-exos构建成功。见表4。RT-qPCR法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中miR-26a表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。见图5

2.6  miR - 26aTLR4的靶向关系

TargetScan数据库预测TLR4miR-26a结合位点如图6所示,双萤光素酶报告基因实验结果显示:与转染TLR4 WT和miR-NC组(1.00±0.05)比较,转染TLR4 WT和miR-26a组细胞相对萤光素酶活性(0.38±0.06)明显降低(P<0.05);与转染TLR4 MUT和转染miR-NC组(0.99±0.02)比较,转染TLR4 MUT和miR-26a组细胞相对萤光素酶活性(1.00±0.05)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。提示TLR4miR-26a的靶基因。

2.7 含不同miR-26a的BMSCs-exos处理后小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平

与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,BMSC-exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与miR-NC exos组比较,mimic-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),inh-miR-26a exos组小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。见图7

3 讨 论

支气管哮喘是常见的呼吸系统慢性疾病,其主要病理特征为气道炎症、气管重塑和肺组织损伤11。目前,哮喘的治疗药物主要包括糖皮质激素、白三烯受体拮抗剂和β2受体激动剂12-13,应用最广泛的糖皮质激素类药物的长期使用会引起消化系统和神经系统等不良反应14,因此需要寻找更多新型有效且不良反应小的治疗方法,为哮喘的临床治疗提供参考。

间充质干细胞是一类拥有多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,具有免疫调节、组织修复和调控代谢等重要功能15。由于其免疫原性较低且在体外易于分离和培养,因此可作为一种有效的活细胞药物回输,修复体内多种组织的损伤16。HUANG等17研究发现:间充质干细胞可通过影响线粒体代谢而缓解支气管哮喘并且抑制炎症。但间充质干细胞作为活体细胞,不易储存和运输,且由于其体积较大而容易引起血管栓塞。间充质干细胞外泌体为间充质干细胞分泌的纳米级囊泡,可携带母细胞的遗传物质,并且免疫原性低,体积小,可作为间充质干细胞治疗的替代物18。SHAN等19研究发现:人BMSC-exos可调控气管平滑肌的增殖而缓解哮喘。本研究提取并鉴定小鼠BMSC-exos,尾静脉注射BMSC-exos后,哮喘小鼠气道阻力明显降低,并且小鼠肺损伤明显缓解。与本研究类似,ABBASZADEH等20研究发现:间充质干细胞胞外囊泡可作为哮喘治疗的潜在工具,进一步提示BMSC-exos可改善小鼠哮喘模型。

外泌体可携带母细胞的遗传物质,包括miRNA、长链非编码RNA(long moncoding RNA,lncRNA)和环状RNA(cicular RNA,circRNA)等遗传物质,其中外泌体miRNA被认为是多种疾病诊断和治疗的关键靶点21。LIU等22研究显示:miR-26a在哮喘等呼吸系统疾病中扮演重要角色。SHI等23研究发现:miR-26a可缓解哮喘小鼠和儿童气道炎症。BMSC-exos高表达miR-26a可缓解多种疾病的发展。LAI等24研究显示:BMSC-exos可通过传递miR-26a而促进成骨。CAO等25研究发现:BMSC-exos miR-26a可缓解肝纤维化。提示BMSC-exos也可能传递miR-26a至肺组织而缓解小鼠哮喘的病理进程。本研究结果显示:外泌体处理后小鼠肺组织miR-26a表达明显上调。本研究构建了差异表达miR-26a的BMSC-exos,回输至哮喘小鼠体内后结果显示:高表达miR-26a的BMSC-exos可传递miR-26a至小鼠肺组织,小鼠气道阻力明显增加,并且小鼠肺损伤明显缓解,提示BMSC-exos可传递miR-26a至小鼠肺组织而治疗小鼠哮喘。

在机制方面,miRNA可靶向结合于其靶基因mRNA的3'非翻译区域(3'-untranslated region,3'- UTR)抑制其靶基因的翻译进而影响病理生理过程26。本研究数据库预测和双萤光素酶报告基因实验验证结果显示:TLR4miR-26a的靶基因。LIN等27研究发现:miR-182-5p可抑制TLR4而缓解哮喘小鼠的气道炎症。WANG等28研究显示:miR-506-3p可抑制TLR4/核因子κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号通路而缓解哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌损伤。本研究结果显示:尾静脉注射过表达miR-26a的BMSC-exos后小鼠肺组织中TLR4蛋白表达下调,表明BMSC-exos miR-26a可通过下调TLR4而缓解哮喘小鼠肺损伤。

综上所述,BMSC-exos可降低哮喘模型小鼠的气道阻力,缓解肺组织病理损伤,其机制可能与BMSC-exos促使miR-26a传递至肺组织并抑制TLR4表达有关,但是,BMSC-exos负载的miR-26a是否可作为哮喘的治疗药物还需进一步研究。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(81960005)

兵团科学技术局科技计划项目(2023ZD019)

兵团科学技术局科技计划项目(2024AB066)

石河子大学第一附属医院科研项目(LC2023016)

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