基质细胞衍生因子1对雪旺细胞铁死亡促进大鼠周围神经损伤修复的抑制作用及其机制

袁野 ,  姜宇 ,  杜赛赛 ,  杨振军 ,  王培

吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (04) : 1022 -1033.

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吉林大学学报(医学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (04) : 1022 -1033. DOI: 10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260414
基础研究

基质细胞衍生因子1对雪旺细胞铁死亡促进大鼠周围神经损伤修复的抑制作用及其机制

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Inhibitory effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1 on Schwann cells ferroptosis in promoting peripheral nerve injury repairment and its mechanism

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摘要

目的 探讨基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)对周围神经损伤(PNI)后雪旺细胞(SCs)铁死亡的影响,并阐明其可能作用机制。 方法 动物实验,45只雄性8周龄SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、PNI组和SDF-1治疗组(PNI+SDF-1组),每组15只。假手术组大鼠暴露坐骨神经后不施加损伤处理;PNI组和SDF-1治疗组大鼠采用坐骨神经钳夹法造模。造模后PNI组大鼠肌注0.2 mL·d-1生理盐水,SDF-1治疗组大鼠肌注4 μg·kg-1·d-1 SDF-1,连续5 d。术后第5天,每组随机取10只大鼠处死,取坐骨神经,采用Western blotting法检测各组大鼠坐骨神经中长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(ACSL4)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)和铁死亡抑制蛋白1(FSP1)蛋白表达水平,透射电镜观察坐骨神经SCs中线粒体形态表现,Western blotting法检测坐骨神经中细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)和核因子红细胞2相关因子2(Nrf2)蛋白表达水平。术后第14天,每组取剩余5只大鼠处死取坐骨神经,采用HE染色法观察坐骨神经纤维形态表现,免疫荧光法检测各组大鼠坐骨神经中神经丝蛋白重链(NF200)与髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)表达水平。细胞实验,将SCs分为对照组、脂多糖(LPS)诱导损伤组(LPS组)和SDF-1治疗组(LPS+SDF-1组)。采用2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)荧光探针法检测各组SCs中活性氧(ROS)水平,FeRhoNox-1荧光探针法检测各组SCs中亚铁离子(Fe2+)水平,免疫荧光法检测各组SCs中ACSL4和GPX4蛋白表达情况,Western blotting法检测各组SCs中ACSL4、GPX4、FSP1、ERK、p-ERK和Nrf2蛋白表达水平。回复实验,将SCs分为LPS组、LPS+SDF-1组、LPS+SDF-1+ SCH772984组和LPS+SCH772984组,采用Western blotting法检测各组SCs中Nrf2、ACSL4、GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平。 结果 动物实验,术后第5天,与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经中ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);SCs中线粒体体积缩小、嵴结构模糊;p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01)。与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经中ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05);SCs中线粒体体积增加、嵴结构趋向正常;p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01)。术后第14天,与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经纤维排列混乱,坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经纤维排列趋于正常,坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。细胞实验,与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中ROS与Fe2+水平均升高(P<0.01),ACSL4蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01),GPX4蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),FSP1蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01),p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01)。与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中ROS与Fe2+水平均降低(P<0.05),ACSL4蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05),GPX4蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05),FSP1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01)。回复实验,与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中Nrf2蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);LPS+SCH772984组SCs中Nrf2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05)。与LPS+SDF-1组比较,LPS+SDF-1+SCH772984组SCs中Nrf2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01),ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05)。 结论 SDF-1可抑制PNI后SCs铁死亡,促进受损坐骨神经修复,其机制与激活ERK/Nrf2信号通路有关。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) on ferroptosis of Schwann cells (SCs) after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), and to elucidate its possible mechanism. Methods Animal experiment, 45 male 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, PNI group and SDF-1 treatment group (PNI+SDF-1 group), with 15 rats in each group. The rats in sham operation group were subjected to sciatic nerve exposure without injury; the rats in PNI group and SDF-1 treatment group were subjected to sciatic nerve clamping method to establish the models. After modeling, the rats in PNI group were intramuscularly injected with 0.2 mL·d-1 normal saline, and the rats in SDF-1 treatment group were intramuscularly injected with 4 μg·kg-1·d-1 SDF-1 for 5 consecutive days. On the 5th day after operation, 10 rats from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed to harvest the sciatic nerves. Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) proteins in sciatic nerve of the rats in various groups; transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of mitochondria in SCs in the sciatic nerve; Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) proteins in the sciatic nerve. On the 14th day after operation, the remaining 5 rats from each group were sacrificed to harvest the sciatic nerves. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of sciatic nerve fibers; immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of neurofilament 200 (NF200) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in sciatic nerve of the rats in various groups. Cell experiment, the SCs were divided into control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced injury group (LPS group) and SDF-1 treatment group (LPS+SDF-1 group). 2',7'- Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence probe method was used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the SCs in various groups; FeRhoNox-1 fluorescence probe method was used to detect the ferrous ion (Fe2+)) levels in the SCs in various groups; immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of ACSL4 and GPX4 proteins in the SCs in various groups; Western blotting method was used to detect the protein expression levels of ACSL4, GPX4, FSP1, ERK, p-ERK, and Nrf2 in the SCs in various groups. Rescue experiment, the SCs were divided into LPS group, LPS+SDF-1 group, LPS+SDF-1+SCH772984 group and LPS+SCH772984 group; Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of Nrf2, ACSL4, GPX4, and FSP1 proteins in the SCs in various groups. Results In animal experiment, on the 5th day after operation, compared with sham operation group, the expression level of ACSL4 protein in sciatic nerve of the rats in PNI group was increased (P<0.01), while the protein expression levels of GPX4 and FSP1 proteins were decreased (P<0.05); the mitochondria in SCs were shrunken and the cristae structure was blurred; the p-ERK/ERK ratio and the protein expression level of Nrf2 were decreased (P<0.01). Compared with PNI group, the expression level of ACSL4 protein in sciatic nerve of the rats in PNI+SDF-1 group was decreased (P<0.05), while the expression levels of GPX4 and FSP1 proteins were increased (P<0.05); the mitochondria in SCs showed increased volume and cristae structure tended to be normal; the p-ERK/ERK ratio and the protein expression level of Nrf2 were increased (P<0.01). The HE staining results showed that on the 14th day after operation, compared with sham operation group, the sciatic nerve fibers in PNI group were arranged in disorder, and the fluorescence intensities of NF200 and MBP proteins in the sciatic nerve were decreased (P<0.01); compared with PNI group, the sciatic nerve fiber arrangement in PNI+SDF-1 group tended to be normal, and the expression levels of NF200 and MBP proteins in the sciatic nerve were increased (P<0.05). In cell experiment, compared with control group, the levels of ROS and Fe2+ in the SCs in LPS group were increased (P<0.01), the expression level of ACSL4 protein was increased (P<0.01), the expression level of GPX4 protein was decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the expression level of FSP1 protein was decreased (P<0.01), and the p-ERK/ERK ratio and Nrf2 protein expression level were decreased (P<0.01). Compared with LPS group, the levels of ROS and Fe2+ in the SCs in LPS+SDF-1 group were decreased (P<0.05), the expression level of ACSL4 protein was decreased (P<0.05), the expression level of GPX4 protein was increased (P<0.05), the expression level of FSP1 protein was increased (P<0.05), and the p-ERK/ERK ratio and Nrf2 protein expression level were increased (P<0.01). In rescue experiment, compared with LPS group, the expression level of Nrf2 protein in the SCs in LPS+SDF-1 group was increased (P<0.01), the expression level of ACSL4 protein was decreased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of GPX4 and FSP1 proteins were increased (P<0.01); the expression level of Nrf2 protein in the SCs in LPS+SCH772984 group was decreased (P<0.05), the expression level of ACSL4 protein was increased (P<0.05), and the expression levels of GPX4 and FSP1 proteins were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with LPS+SDF-1 group, the expression level of Nrf2 protein in the SCs in LPS+SDF-1+SCH772984 group was decreased (P<0.01), the expression level of ACSL4 protein was increased(P<0.05), and the expression levels of GPX4 and FSP1 proteins were decreased(P<0.05). Conclusion SDF-1 can inhibit ferroptosis of the SCs after PNI and promote the repair of the injured sciatic nerve, and its mechanism is related to the activation of ERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Graphical abstract

关键词

神经再生 / 基质细胞衍生因子1 / 雪旺细胞 / 铁死亡 / 细胞外信号调节激酶

Key words

Nerve regeneration / Stromal cell-derived factor 1 / Schwann cells / Ferroptosis / Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
袁野,姜宇,杜赛赛,杨振军,王培. 基质细胞衍生因子1对雪旺细胞铁死亡促进大鼠周围神经损伤修复的抑制作用及其机制[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2026, 52(04): 1022-1033 DOI:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260414

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周围神经损伤(peripheral nerve injury,PNI)是临床常见的神经系统疾病,目前有多种干预措施,但仍面临神经功能恢复欠佳的困境[1]。雪旺细胞(Schwann cells,SCs)作为周围神经系统中的主要胶质细胞,通过支持轴突再生、促进髓鞘形成和调节微环境等机制,在神经再生中发挥重要作用[2-3]。铁死亡是一种以铁依赖性脂质过氧化为特征的新型细胞死亡方式,在神经退行性疾病和创伤性神经病变中均有重要作用[4-5]。研究[6]显示:PNI后SCs易发生铁死亡,可导致细胞功能障碍和凋亡,抑制神经再生过程。然而,目前关于SCs铁死亡的调控机制尚不清晰,缺乏有效干预策略。
细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)/核因子红细胞2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是介导细胞抗氧化应激和铁死亡的重要调控通路[7]。激活ERK/Nrf2信号通路有助于SCs抵抗铁死亡并促进其向修复表型转化,有助于维持细胞结构和功能[1]。基质细胞衍生因子1(stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)是一种重要趋化因子,具有调节免疫、促进细胞迁移和抗铁死亡等功能[9-10]。已有研究[11]显示:SDF-1在PNI后表达上调,可参与调节SCs迁移与炎症微环境,从而促进神经修复。但SDF-1是否通过ERK/Nrf2通路调控SCs铁死亡,从而促进神经修复尚未完全阐明。因此,本研究假设SDF-1可以激活ERK/Nrf2通路调控SCs的铁死亡,促进周围神经的修复,并通过实验进行验证。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物、主要试剂和仪器

45只8周龄雄性SD大鼠,体质量(300±40)g,购自北京维通利华生物技术有限公司,动物生产许可证号:SCXK-京2021-0006。大鼠在标准屏障环境下 [ 温度(23±1)℃, 湿度(55±5)%, 12 h昼夜交替]适应性饲养7 d后进行实验。本研究获本院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:CYFYLL2025006)。

兔抗长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4,ACSL4)、鼠抗谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)、兔抗铁死亡抑制蛋白1(ferroptosis suppressor protein 1,FSP1)、兔抗ERK、兔抗磷酸化ERK(phosphorylated ERK,p-ERK)、兔抗Nrf2、辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)、HRP标记山羊抗鼠IgG(H+L)、鼠抗髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)、兔 抗 神 经 丝 蛋 白 重 链(neurofilament 200,NF200)、山 羊 抗 鼠 二 抗(Alexa Fluor 488)和山羊抗兔二抗(Alexa Fluor 594)抗体(美国Proteintech Group公司),2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(2',7'- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate,DCFH-DA)荧光探针试剂盒、FeRhoNox-1荧光探针试剂盒、HE染色试剂盒、4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)染色液和抗荧光淬灭封片剂(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),二辛可宁酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(上海碧云天科技有限公司),增强化学发光(enhanced chemiluminescence,ECL)试剂盒(北京白鲨科技有限公司)。正倒置一体荧光显微镜(型号:RVL2-K,美国ECHO公司),电泳槽(型号:DYCZ-24,北京六一生物科技有限公司)。

1.2 动物实验

1.2.1 实验动物分组、造模和给药

将45只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、PNI组和SDF-1治疗组(PNI+SDF-1组),每组15只。大鼠经腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(30 mg·kg-1)麻醉后,沿右后肢股二头肌间隙钝性分离暴露坐骨神经中段,使用血管钳连续挤压3次(每次10 s,间隔10 s)建立PNI模型。假手术组大鼠仅暴露坐骨神经,不施加损伤。PNI组和PNI+SDF-1组大鼠造模后分别肌注0.2 mL·d-1生理盐水与4 μg·kg-1·d-1 SDF-1,连续5 d。术后第5天,每组随机选取10只大鼠,处死,取坐骨神经组织进行Western blotting及透射电镜实验;各组剩余大鼠饲养至第14天,处死取坐骨神经组织行HE染色及免疫荧光实验。

1.2.2 Western blotting法检测各组大鼠坐骨神经组织中相关蛋白表达水平

术后第5天,取大鼠坐骨神经损伤中心区域组织(约2 cm长),经研磨、裂解和离心后,收集上清液。使用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。变性蛋白样品经凝胶电泳分离,转移至聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)膜上,室温封闭后,将膜与一抗ACSL4(1∶1 000)、 GPX4(1∶2 000)、 FSP1(1∶1 000)、 ERK(1∶2 000)、 p-ERK(1∶1 000)、Nrf2(1∶1 000)和β-actin(1∶10 000)于4 ℃孵育过夜。采用含吐温20的Tris缓冲盐溶液(Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20,TBST)洗涤后,将PVDF膜与HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(1∶5 000)室温孵育。ECL试剂显影,采用Image J软件分析条带灰度值,以β-actin为内参,计算目的蛋白表达水平。目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/β-actin蛋白条带灰度值。

1.2.3 透射电镜观察各组大鼠坐骨神经SCs中线粒体形态表现

术后第5天,取新鲜坐骨神经损伤中心区域组织(1 mm×1 mm×1 mm),迅速投入电镜固定液4 ℃固定3 h。漂洗3次,用锇酸室温(20 ℃)固定2 h后,漂洗3次,经脱水、渗透、包埋、超薄切片,用铀铅双染色并于室温下干燥过夜,透射电子显微镜下观察线粒体形态表现。

1.2.4 HE染色观察各组大鼠坐骨神经病理形态表现

术后第14天,取坐骨神经损伤中心区域组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定,常规石蜡包埋、切片。石蜡切片采用HE染色试剂盒染色,脱水透明封片,于显微镜下观察大鼠坐骨神经病理形态表现。

1.2.5 免疫荧光法检测各组大鼠坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平

术后第14天,取坐骨神经制作石蜡组织切片,切片经烘烤、脱蜡、通透及牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)封闭后,滴加鼠抗MBP(1∶100)、兔抗NF200(1∶200)于组织中4 ℃孵育过夜,并使用针对MBP的山羊抗鼠二抗(Alexa Fluor 488,1∶500)与针对NF200的山羊抗兔二抗(Alexa Fluor 594,1∶500)于室温孵育。洗涤后使用含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片,荧光显微镜下采集图像,荧光强度通过Image J软件进行定量分析,以荧光强度代表蛋白表达水平。

1.3 细胞实验

1.3.1 细胞培养、分组和处理

SCs常规培养于含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)的DMEM培养基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒温培养箱中孵育。SCs分为对照组、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导损伤组(LPS组)和SDF-1治疗组(LPS+SDF-1组)。对照组SCs常规培养;LPS组SCs采用10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h后,常规培养;LPS+SDF-1组SCs采用100 μg·L-1 SDF-1预处理2 h后,加入10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h,常规培养。回复实验:SCs分为LPS组、LPS+SDF-1组、LPS+SDF-1+SCH772984组和LPS+SCH772984组。LPS组SCs采用10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h后,常规培养;LPS+SDF-1组SCs采用100 μg·L-1 SDF-1预处理2 h后,加入10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h,常规培养;LPS+SDF-1+SCH772984(ERK抑制剂)组SCs采用100 μg·L-1 SDF-1和5 μmol·L-1 SCH772984共同预处理2 h后,加入10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h,常规培养;LPS+SCH772984组SCs采用5 μmol·L-1 SCH772984预处理2 h后,加入10 mg·L-1 LPS处理6 h,常规培养。

1.3.2 DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测各组SCs中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平

将SCs以每孔1×105个的密度接种于6孔细胞培养板中,常规培养过夜。24 h后,弃培养液,冲洗3次后于6孔细胞培养板中加入1 mL DCFH-DA稀释液,37 ℃孵育20 min后,无血清培养液冲洗3次,荧光显微镜拍照采集图像,荧光强度通过Image J软件进行定量分析,以荧光强度代表ROS水平。

1.3.3 FeRhoNox-1荧光探针法检测各组SCs中亚铁离子 (Fe2+) 水平

将细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种于6孔细胞培养板中,37℃培养过夜,加入FeRhoNox-1孵育细胞,1 h后使用荧光显微镜拍照,荧光强度通过Image J软件进行定量分析,以荧光强度代表Fe2+水平。

1.3.4 免疫荧光法检测各组SCs中ACSL4和GPX4蛋白表达水平

取各组处理后SCs,经多聚甲醛固定、曲拉通透膜、BSA封闭后,分别加入一抗兔抗ACSL4(1∶200)和鼠抗GPX4(1∶200),4℃过夜孵育;依次对应加入山羊抗兔二抗(Alexa Fluor 594,1∶500)、山羊抗鼠二抗(Alexa Fluor 488,1∶500)和DAPI染色液,避光孵育,荧光显微镜下采集图像。荧光强度通过Image J软件进行定量分析,以荧光强度代表蛋白表达水平。

1.3.5 Western blotting法检测各组SCs中相关蛋白表达水平

收集各组处理后SCs,将细胞裂解、离心后,收集上清液。后续操作同“1.2.2”步骤。

1.4 统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计学分析。各组大鼠坐骨神经和SCs中ACSL4、GPX4、FSP1、ERK、p-ERK及Nrf2蛋白表达水平,动物实验中NF200和MBP蛋白蛋白表达水平,细胞实验中ROS、Fe2+水平及ACSL4和GPX4蛋白表达水平均符合正态分布,以x±s表示,多组间样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用Student’s t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 动物实验

2.1.1 各组大鼠坐骨神经中铁死亡相关蛋白表达水平

Western blotting法检测结果显示:与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经中ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经中ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。见图1。

2.1.2 各组大鼠坐骨神经SCs中线粒体形态表现

透射电镜结果显示:与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经SCs中线粒体体积缩小、嵴数量减少且结构模糊;与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经SCs中线粒体体积扩大、嵴数量增加且结构完整。见图2。

2.1.3 各组大鼠坐骨神经中ERK/Nrf2信号通路相关蛋白表达水平

Western blotting法检测结果显示:与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经中p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经中p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01)。见图3。

2.1.4 各组大鼠坐骨神经病理形态表现

HE染色结果显示:与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经纤维排列混乱;与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经纤维排列趋于正常。见图4。

2.1.5 各组大鼠坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平

免疫荧光染色结果显示:与假手术组比较,PNI组大鼠坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与PNI组比较,PNI+SDF-1组大鼠坐骨神经中NF200和MBP蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。见图5。

2.2 细胞实验

2.2.1 各组SCs中ROS水平

DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中ROS水平升高(P<0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中ROS水平降低(P<0.05)。见图6。

2.2.2 各组SCs中Fe2+水平

FeRhoNox-1荧光探针法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中Fe2+水平升高(P<0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中Fe2+水平降低(P<0.05)。见图7。

2.2.3 各组SCs中ACSL4和GPX4蛋白表达水平

免疫荧光法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中ACSL4和GPX4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。见图8。

2.2.4 各组SCs中铁死亡相关蛋白表达水平

Western blotting法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05)。见图9。

2.2.5 各组SCs中ERK/Nrf2信号通路相关蛋白表达水平

Western blotting法检测结果显示:与对照组比较,LPS组SCs中p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中p-ERK/ERK比值和Nrf2蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01)。见图10。

2.2.6 应用ERK抑制剂SCH772984后各组SCs中ERK/Nrf2信号通路和铁死亡相关蛋白表达水平

Western blotting法检测结果显示:与LPS组比较,LPS+SDF-1组SCs中Nrf2蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01),ACSL4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.01);LPS+SCH772984组SCs内Nrf2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05)。与LPS+SDF-1组比较,LPS+SDF-1+ SCH772984组SCs中Nrf2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01),ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05),GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05)。见图11。

3 讨 论

近年来研究[14-16]显示:PNI后,SCs发生铁死亡是阻碍轴突再生与髓鞘修复的病理机制之一。ERK作为丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族成员,具有促进Nrf2核转位的功能,后者可诱导下游抗氧化因子如血红素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)和NAD(P)H醌氧化还原酶1(NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)的表达,从而增强细胞清除脂质过氧化物的能力,维持铁稳态[17-18]。YAN等[7]发现:激活ERK/Nrf2通路可降低SCs中ROS异常积累,恢复线粒体功能,抑制SCs铁死亡,从而促进PNI后神经修复。

SDF-1是一种关键趋化因子,已被证实在神经修复中发挥重要作用[19]。SDF-1可通过招募间充质干细胞和免疫细胞等,改善局部微环境,促进组织再生[20]。研究[11]显示:SDF-1可促进SCs迁移与自噬,亦可在年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)模型中抑制内皮细胞的铁死亡[21]。基于此,本研究探讨了SDF-1在PNI后通过激活ERK/Nrf2信号通路抑制SCs铁死亡并改善神经修复的作用,为其作为干预靶点提供理论依据。

铁死亡是一种以铁离子积累和脂质过氧化失控为特征的细胞程序性死亡方式,其中线粒体在能量代谢与铁稳态维持中发挥关键作用,是铁死亡过程中的“病理起点”之一[22]。在线粒体功能障碍早期,三价铁(Fe3+)会被还原为Fe2+,后者在过氧化氢(H2O2)存在下通过Fenton反应(Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++OH-+·OH)产生大量羟基自由基(·OH),诱导细胞ROS水平升高,引发氧化应激反应[23]。过量ROS会进一步攻击富含多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)的磷脂膜,引发脂质过氧化链式反应,造成细胞膜破坏[24]。同时,铁死亡的执行依赖于多种关键蛋白的参与,ACSL4可催化PUFA生成PUFA-CoA,提供脂质过氧化底物,促发细胞膜损伤,是铁死亡的正调控因子;而GPX4作为铁死亡的核心抑制蛋白,其通过还原脂质过氧化物L-OOH为无毒的脂醇L-OH,阻止脂质过氧化导致的细胞膜损伤,从而抑制铁死亡。FSP1通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸依赖的酶促反应,将辅酶Q10还原为抗氧化形态的泛醇,清除脂质过氧自由基,阻断铁死亡。两者作为负调控因子,共同抑制脂质过氧化,在维持膜脂稳态与抑制铁死亡中发挥重要保护作用[25]。本研究结果显示:SDF-1明显降低SCs中Fe2+和ROS水平,提示其可能通过缓解氧化应激与铁负荷,抑制Fenton反应介导的自由基攻击过程。此外,SDF-1处理后明显下调了ACSL4表达,同时上调GPX4与FSP1蛋白表达,表明其在脂质过氧化调控方面亦具有调控作用,从而可以拮抗铁离子和ROS聚集对线粒体膜结构的破坏。透射电镜观察显示:SDF-1处理后,SCs线粒体肿胀减轻、嵴结构恢复清晰,提供了形态学证据。因此,SDF-1干预可有效缓解PNI后SCs铁死亡表型。

本研究中,SDF-1干预后p-ERK/ERK比值升高,Nrf2蛋白表达水平升高,提示该通路被激活;当联合应用ERK抑制剂SCH772984后,p-ERK/ERK比值明显降低,Nrf2蛋白表达水平降低,同时,ACSL4蛋白表达水平升高,GPX4和FSP1蛋白表达水平降低,提示SDF-1可通过激活ERK/Nrf2信号通路,调控SCs铁死亡相关蛋白表达,发挥其对SCs保护作用。

在组织修复层面,SDF-1干预后可改善大鼠坐骨神经中神经纤维排列和连续性,提示其促进了周围神经的修复;免疫荧光结果显示:SDF-1明显上调坐骨神经中轴突标志物NF200及髓鞘蛋白MBP表达水平,进一步证实了SDF-1通过改善SCs微环境促进了轴突再生。

综上所述,本研究从铁死亡角度出发,验证了SDF-1可通过激活ERK/Nrf2信号通路抑制SCs铁死亡,进而促进神经结构的恢复,为神经修复干预靶点提供了新的理论依据。然而,本研究主要基于动物模型与细胞实验,尚缺乏临床样本支持,未来应结合临床样本,进一步验证其临床转化价值。

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基金资助

河北省科技厅指令性课题项目(142777105D)

河北省神经损伤与修复重点实验室开放课题项目(NJKF202404)

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©《吉林大学学报(医学版)》编辑部,开放获取遵循CC BY-NC-ND协议。

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