Vehicular Named Data Networking (V-NDN) is a new network framework based on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET). Flood forwarding policy is widely used in current V-NDN, leading to a large amount of network resources wasted. Aiming at the above problems, a multi-decision interest packet forwarding method based on prediction (KMNDN) is proposed,the method realizes to locate content nodes through the content discovery, and construct forwarding paths according to vehicle movement status to reduce useless traffic in the network. In order to ensure link stability, the method combines Kalman filter prediction, speed and neighbor density of alternative nodes in the link construction process, and then prioritize the vehicles that are waiting to be selected through weights, so as to select the node with the lowest risk as the next hop. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed method has certain advantages in improving packet delivery rate and reducing network delay.
车辆自组织网络(Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks,VANET)作为智能交通系统(Intelligent Transportation System,ITS)的重要组成部分,一直倍受业界以及学术界关注[1].通过建立车辆到车辆(Vehicle to Vehicle,V2V)和车辆到路侧单元(Vehicle to Road Side Unit,V2R)的链路,车载网络给用户提供了交通管理以及智能驾驶等服务[2].
在VANET的应用中存在一些挑战,如车辆密度稀疏,快速拓扑变化等[3] .这些挑战促使研究人员将目光转向更有前景的新型网络模型——命名数据网络(Named Data Networking,NDN).NDN是通过以信息为中心的通信方式来提高通信效率的一种新型网络模型,与基于IP(Internet Protocol)地址传统网络不同,NDN关注的是“数据是什么”,而不是“数据在哪里”.
在NDN的驱动下,NDN与VANET结合形成一种新型网络模型——命名数据车辆自组织网络(Vehicle Named Data Network,V-NDN),V-NDN中需要注意如下问题:首先,车辆基于洪泛发送数据,消耗大量网络资源;其次,当通过构造单条或多条传输路径缓解洪泛的影响时,车辆节点在分岔口会发生错误的路由选择,造成链路的选择不准确等问题.这将降低用户的体验质量(Quality of Experience,QoE)和服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)[4].
V-NDN中,可借助路侧单元(Road Side Unit,RSU)辅助数据传输,文献[5]提出选择最佳下一跳RSU,将报文转发到目的地址.该方法使用四叉树模型在全局域分解RSU,并使用预测节点位置的树构造方法确定目标区域与四叉树的交集.文献[6]提出基于簇路由的Data包回程预测方法(DBPM).DBPM在RSU处使用GPS(Global Positioning System)和凸规划定位算法来获得集群中车辆的定位信息,同时使用两个定位数据项,通过卡尔曼滤波模型,预测集群中车辆未来接入点的位置.最后,DBPM通过集群将返回的Data包转发给车辆.此方法虽降低了时延和丢包率,但依赖RSU.
当没有RSU参与,为了应对V-NDN网络的频繁中断和车辆拓扑变化,文献[7]提出一种以内容为中心的网络,将转发分为两个阶段:内容包的检索和后续Data包的检索,Interest包被分为基础兴趣包和高级兴趣包,并且基于跳数转发Interest包,为Data包加上计时器来保证传输的稳定性.此方法只对Interest包简单地分为两类,并未有效减少网络开销.文献[8]提出一种基于树的数据兴趣结构,以合并不同车辆之间导航路线重叠而产生的相同数据兴趣.基于树的数据兴趣管理,可减少Interest包的数量.文献[9]提出一种支持延迟容忍网络的地理路由策略,介绍了一种混合地理路由解决方案.在包转发中使用受限贪婪、贪婪、周界和支持延迟容忍网络的模式,改进NDN中兴趣分组和数据分组的传递.文献[10]提出一种基于速度的转发决策,在网络通信期间使用车辆速度和位置信息,避免V-NDN中的断开链路问题和网络隔离问题.文献[11]中提出将车辆的行驶方向定为一个重要参数的方法.因此,只有行驶方向与发送Interest包的车辆方向一致的车辆节点,才需要按照NDN规则进行待定转发表PIT(Pending Interest Table)和内容存储CS(Content Storage)查询、转发信息库FIB(Forwarding Information Base)检索等操作转发Interest包.其他情况会丢弃Interest包,不做任何处理.文献[12]提出综合考虑距离、相对速度、链路持续时间、信号强度和节点度的Interest包转发策略.此方法对于分岔口的链路选择错误问题,使用的是重传机制,这会增大时延.文献[13]提出了一种基于请求/广告的内容转发方法(RACF)来提高VNDN转发性能并解决节点移动性问题.在RACF中,当无法找到所需的内容时,广播一个请求消息.利用距离、方向等运动参数,构建动态单播转发路径,此方法对于决策参数使用的是公平分配的方式,并不符合实际情况.文献[14]提出一种基于移动预测的车辆命名数据网络转发策略(MPFS).在预测车辆当前位置后,选择距离当前转发器最远,且邻居间链路稳定的车辆作为下一跳转发器,实现更快、跳数更少的内容获取.此方法相比洪泛,虽降低了网络开销,但只是简单的将速度与时间结合起来预测,并未很好的处理车辆分岔口转向对数据传输的影响.
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