寒冷地区高校开放空间秋季热舒适效应^*

Thermal Comfort Effects of Campus Open Spaces in Cold Regions During Autumn

摘要

【目的】聚焦大学生群体的秋季热舒适，系统探究寒冷地区校园不同开放空间类型下的微气候特征、空间环境参数及人体行为活动的影响，旨在为寒地高校校园开放空间的优化设计与科学规划提供参考。【方法】以寒冷地区张家口市代表性高校为案例，采用现场实测与问卷调查相结合的方法，分析各类开放空间中大学生的秋季热舒适状况，量化室外热感觉(TSV)与热环境指标之间的关系，评估ENVI-met软件在寒冷地区高校室外热环境模拟的适用性。【结果】寒冷地区大学生中性温度(NPET)为22.17℃，可接受温度范围(TAR)为8.94~29.36℃，当环境温度低于中性下限时，中高活动水平人群(≥3met)通过代谢产热，使热耐受能力提升，说明低活动强度空间(如休憩区)亟需重点优化。【结论】张家口寒冷地区的秋季热环境在全球变暖的背景下已发生显著变化，偏热时应注重风环境促进散热，偏冷时应利用风环境辅助防寒，因此热环境设计应随季节动态调整。考虑优化强调向阳、挡风且可季节切换的弹性空间，应增加落叶乔木实现智能气候调节及选用低吸热或高反射率的下垫面材质，以延长活动人群室外驻留时间。

Abstract

【Objective】This study explores the impacts of microclimate, spatial environmental parameters and human behaviors in different types of campus open spaces on the thermal comfort of college students, aiming to provide references for the optimal design and science-based planning of campus open spaces in cold regions. 【Method】Taking the campus in Zhangjiakou City, a city located in the cold region in northern China, as a case study, this study combines on-site measurement with a questionnaire survey to analyze the thermal comfort of college students in various types of open spaces, quantify the relationship between outdoor thermal sensation and thermal environment indicators, and verify the applicability of ENVI-met software for simulating campus outdoor thermal environments in cold regions. 【Result】The neutral temperature for college students in cold regions is 22.17℃, and the acceptable temperature range (TAR) is 8.94-29.36℃. When the ambient temperature falls below the lower limit of the temperature range, students with moderate-to-high activity levels (≥3met) have their thermal tolerance improved through metabolic heat production, and thus low-intensity activity spaces such as rest areas need to be the priority for optimization. 【Conclusion】Against the backdrop of global warming, the autumn thermal environment in cold regions such as Zhangjiakou has undergone significant changes. When it is hot, the focus should be placed on the wind environment for wind dissipation, while the wind environment should be utilized to assist in keeping warm when it is cold. Therefore, thermal environment design should be dynamically adjusted in line with the seasons. Considering the flexible space optimization that prioritizes sun exposure, wind protection, and seasonal adaptation, it is proposed to plant more deciduous trees to achieve intelligent climate regulation and select surface materials with low heat absorption or high reflectivity so as to extend the outdoor stay time of students.

关键词

室外热舒适 / 秋季热舒适范围 / 高校开放空间 / 张家口

Key words

outdoor thermal comfort / the range of autumn thermal comfort / campus open space / Zhangjiakou

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基金资助

*河北建筑工程学院研究生创新基金(XY2023049)