广州白云山风景名胜区蝶类多样性和时空格局^∗

Diversity and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Butterflies in Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area

摘要

【目的】揭示南亚热带城市风景区蝶类群落的物种组成、多样性特征及其时空动态变化规律, 为后续利用蝴蝶作为指示生物进行区域城市生态环境变化监测、蝶类资源的保护提供科学依据。【方法】2019—2023年, 采用样线法在广州白云山风景名胜区8个代表性样段进行连续5年的逐月调查和定位观测, 采用Jaccard相似性系数和多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener、Margalef、Pielou、Berger-Parker)分析蝶类群落时空动态, 并结合相关性分析探讨环境因子的影响。【结果】共记录蝶类9科118属205种(含2种国家二级保护蝶类及20种广州新记录种)6875只。灰蝶科、弄蝶科和蛱蝶科为优势类群, 其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于斑蝶科、粉蝶科、环蝶科及蚬蝶科(P<0.05)。年际间Jaccard相似性系数为0.48~0.54; 观测3年可覆盖总物种数的90%以上, 4年连续观测达98.78%。季节上, 3—10月为蝴蝶活跃高峰期, 8—10月属数、物种数及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于12月至翌年1月(P<0.05)。空间上, 不同样段间Jaccard相似性系数为0.11~0.50, 样段1的物种数显著高于其他样段(P<0.05), 样段1和样段3的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Margalef丰富度指数显著高于样段4(P<0.05), 各样段间均匀度指数和优势度指数无显著差异。气温、浅溪流和潮湿浅滩与多项多样性指标呈显著正相关(P<0.01), 海拔与各群落特征均无显著相关性(P>0.05)。【结论】白云山蝶类多样性丰富, 灰蝶科、弄蝶科和蛱蝶科可作为生境变化指示物种; 群落年际组成稳定; 蝶类多样性受适宜气温、充足的寄主或蜜源植物、低干扰强度及浅溪流和潮湿浅滩生境正向促进。建议建立3年以上定位观测网络以有效监测区域生态环境变化, 为城市蝶类资源保护与生境优化提供支撑。

Abstract

【Objective】This study aims to reveal the species composition, diversity characteristics and spatiotemporal dynamics of butterfly communities in southern subtropical urban scenic areas, thereby providing scientific evidence for the future use of butterflies as indicator organisms in monitoring regional urban ecological environment changes and conserving butterfly resources. 【Method】From 2019 to 2023, monthly surveys and fixed-point observations were conducted for five consecutive years using the line transect method at eight representative sample sites in the Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area of Guangzhou. Jaccard similarity coefficient and diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, Pielou, Berger-Parker) were used to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of butterfly communities, and correlation analysis was employed to explore the effects of environmental factors. 【Result】A total of 6875 individual butterflies belonging to 205 species, 118 genera and 9 families are recorded, including two nationally protected butterfly species (Class II) and 20 species newly recorded in Guangzhou. Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and Nymphalidae are the dominant groups, with significantly higher Shannon-Wiener diversity indices than Danaidae, Pieridae, Amathusiidae and Riodinidae (P<0.05). The interannual Jaccard similarity coefficient ranges from 0.48 to 0.54. The observation of three years capture over 90% of the total species, and thobservation of four consecutive years cover 98.78%. Seasonally, the peak activity period of butterflies falls from March to October, and. the number of genera, number of species and Shannon-Wiener diversity index from August to October are significantly higher than those from December to January of the following year (P<0.05). Spatially, the Jaccard similarity coefficient among different sample sites ranges from 0.11 to 0.50. The number of species at sample site 1 is significantly higher than that at other sites (P<0.05), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index at sample sites 1 and 3 are significantly higher than those at sample site 4 (P<0.05), while no significant differences are observed in evenness or dominance indices among all the sample sites (P>0.05). Temperature, shallow streams and moist shoals are significantly positively correlated with multiple diversity indicators (P<0.01), whereas altitude shows no significant correlation with all community characteristics (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】The Baiyun Mountain boasts rich butterfly diversity, with Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and Nymphalidae as indicator species for habitat dynamics, and the interannual community composition is stable. Butterfly diversity is positively influenced by suitable temperatures, adequate host plants or nectar plants, low disturbance intensity and the presence of shallow streams and moist shoals. It is recommended to establish a fixed observation network for more than three years to effectively monitor regional eco-environment changes, thereby offering support for the conservation of urban butterfly resources and the optimization of their habitats.

关键词

蝶类 / 物种多样性 / 群落组成 / 时空格局

Key words

butterfly / species diversity / community structure / spatiotemporal pattern

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基金资助

*华南植物资源研发中心技术推广平台科技创新专项(NY-ZC-2024-11-002)

科技部重点研发计划(2021YFE0193200)

广州市科技计划项目(202206010058)