考古遗址公园动静态视觉景观感知评价与优化^∗

Evaluation and Optimization of Dynamic and Static Visual Landscape Perception in Archaeological Site Parks

摘要

【目的】构建一套主客观结合、动静兼顾、深度契合考古遗址公园语境的视觉景观综合评价体系, 为考古遗址公园的观景空间优化提供科学支撑。【方法】以平陆运河(钦州段)古龙窑考古遗址公园为例, 基于价值阐释视角, 综合运用GIS视域分析、OpenCV图像特征提取、SBE及专家咨询构建静态层面与动态层面指标体系。静态层面以实体、色彩、纹理等视觉景观指标为基础, 结合遗产要素可见性与可读性指标, 通过主客观二维矩阵识别重要观景点; 动态层面引入视域变化度、视线焦点迁移速率等指标, 解析骑行与车行路径的视觉序列特征。【结果】色彩丰富度(β=0.42)与纹理复杂度为美景度显著因子; 遗产要素可见性与SBE呈显著正相关(r=0.58)。共识别18处重要观景点, 含13处主客观评价均高的“双高型”观景点和5处主客观评价差异性较高的“主-客异质型”节点。动态分析揭示视觉序列节奏规律与薄弱区, 文化意象触发节点密度与视觉高潮区重合率达85%, 据此提出分级观景点体系、修补动态序列、塑造文化主题片区及实施精准微更新4项系统策略。【结论】揭示了遗产价值对视觉感知的“叙事性调制”机制: 遗产意象的显现本身即构成一种意义赋予的视觉事件, 能够超越形式特征重构审美判断框架。在此基础上构建动静态协同评价模型, 形成“评价-诊断-优化”闭环, 该体系可推广至线性、工业遗产等的全周期管理, 为从“景观审美”转向“价值阐释导向管理”提供方法论范式。

Abstract

【Objective】The study develops a comprehensive visual landscape evaluation system that integrates subjective and objective perspectives, balances dynamic and static elements and aligns with the context of archaeological site parks, thereby providing scientific evidence for the optimization of viewing spaces within such parks. 【Method】Taking the Ancient Kiln Ruins Park along Pinglu Canal (Qinzhou Section) as the case, the study adopts GIS viewshed analysis, OpenCV-based image feature extraction, Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and expert consultations to construct an indicator system at foundational and dynamic layers from the perspective of value interpretation. The foundational layer incorporates visual landscape indicators such as form, color and texture with the indicators of visibility and readability for heritage elements to identify key viewing points using a two-dimensional subjective-objective matrix. The dynamic layer introduces viewshed variation and gaze-focus transition rate to analyze visual sequences along cycling and driving routes. 【Result】Color richness (β=0.42) and texture complexity are the significant SBE predictors, and heritage element visibility correlates positively with SBE (r=0.58). Eighteen key viewing points are identified, including 13 “double-high” core points, all with high subjective and objective ratings, and 5 “subject-object heterogeneous” points, with a significant disparity between subjective and objective ratings. Dynamic analysis reveals the rhythmic patterns and vulnerable segments of visual sequences, and the overlapping rate between the node density triggered by cultural imagery and the visual climax zones reaches 85%. Based on these findings, four systematic strategies are proposed, including tiered viewing point distribution systems, dynamic sequence remediation, development of cultural thematic zones and the implementation of targeted micro-renovation. 【Conclusion】The study uncovers the “narrative modulation” mechanism through which heritage value influences visual perception, which means that heritage imagery itself constitutes a meaning-endowing visual event to enable the transcending of formal characteristics to reshape the framework of aesthetic judgment. A static-dynamic synergistic evaluation model is then constructed to shape an “evaluation-diagnosis-optimization” closed-loop system, which could be scaled up for the full life-cycle management of linear and industrial heritage, offering a paradigm for the shift from landscape aesthetics toward a value-interpretation-oriented approach.

关键词

感知评价与优化 / 动静态视觉景观 / 考古遗址公园 / 空间优化 / 价值阐释

Key words

perception assessment and optimization / dynamic-static visual landscape / archaeological site park / spatial optimization / value interpretation

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基金资助

*教育部人文社科青年基金项目(17YJCZH144)