城市绿地昆虫旅馆的应用及生态风险

Application of Insect Hotels in Urban Green Spaces and Its Ecological Risks

摘要

【目的】全面评估昆虫旅馆在实际应用中的生态效能, 系统性厘清其可能引发的生态风险, 完善昆虫旅馆的营建与管护体系。【方法】采用文献计量学与系统综述相结合的方法, 梳理1996年1月—2026年3月近30年昆虫旅馆的营建应用参数; 针对鉴定至属级的目标昆虫, 运用Origin软件绘制桑基图解析物种与巢材的匹配度, 按文献数量降序排列, 并提取其巢管材料的尺寸偏好参数, 厘清潜在生态风险与人为加剧诱因。【结果】天然巢材占用率高但易开裂受潮, 人工材料耐久却易滋生霉菌和螨虫, PLA 3D打印巢管效能较佳, 巢管以孔径4~8mm、深度15~20cm为宜; 昆虫旅馆宜设于离地31~47cm、周边90m内含丰富食源的半遮荫南向环境, 养护应依据物候进行“羽化箱”分流, 并定期清理巢材。设计缺陷、食源错配或管护缺失, 易诱发外来物种侵占、天敌聚集与病害传播等“生态陷阱”。【结论】未来实践应摆脱“重建设、轻管护”的误区, 搭建“源头预防-动态监测-长效维护”的全链条防控体系, 推动参数的本土化重构与复合材料研发。同时, 应引入智能监测技术, 将昆虫旅馆布设为破碎绿地斑块间的生态“踏脚石”, 使其成为城市安全的补充巢源, 助力提升城市生物多样性与生态韧性。

Abstract

【Objective】This study evaluates the ecological efficacy of insect hotels in their urban applications, clarifies their potential associated ecological risks, and establishes an optimized framework for their construction and long-term management. 【Method】Through a combined approach of bibliometric analysis and systematic review, the study reviews the operational parameters across global applications of insect hotels in the past three decades (January 1996-March 2026). For target insects identified to the genus level, Origin software is employed to generate Sankey diagrams for the analysis of matching between species and nesting materials, with results sorted in descending order according to the number of publications. Structural size preference parameters are extracted for nesting materials, and potential ecological risks and human-induced drivers are identified. 【Result】Natural nesting materials achieve a high occupancy but they are susceptible to cracking and moisture retention, and artificial materials enjoy durability but foster mold and mite infestations. Polylactic acid (PLA) 3D-printed nesting tubes demonstrate superior performance, and their optimal structure dimensions are 4-8mm in diameter and 15-20cm in depth. Insect hotels are appropriately positioned 31-47cm above ground and within a radius of 90m in a semi-shaded south-facing environment where rich food sources are available. Insect hotel maintenance should adhere to insect phenology by the use of an “emergence box”, and nesting materials should be sanitized routinely. Design flaws, mismatched food sources, or inadequate management can easily trigger “ecological traps” such as the invasion of exotic species, the aggregation of natural predators, or the spread of diseases. 【Conclusion】Future practice must move beyond the “more focused on establishment than maintenance” paradigm to a full-chain control system comprising “source prevention, dynamic monitoring and long-term maintenance”, prioritizing localized parameter construction and composite material development. Smart monitoring technology should be introduced. Insect hotels should be deployed as ecological “stepping-stones” between fragmented patches in urban green spaces, serving as safe supplementary nesting sources in cities. All these measures could ultimately enhance urban biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.

关键词

昆虫旅馆 / 人工巢源 / 生态陷阱 / 城市生物多样性

Key words

insect hotel / artificial nesting resource / ecological trap / urban biodiversity

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基金资助

*北京市园林绿化科学研究院青年预探索项目“北京市第二道绿化隔离地区绿色空间优化与生境功能提升关键技术研究”(YKYZD202605)