化肥减量配施有机肥和微生物肥对番茄光合特性和肥料利用率的影响

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and fertilizer utilization rate of tomato

摘要

为加快有机肥替代化肥和推广应用微生物肥料，实现化肥减量的目标，以番茄品种多吉瑞星为试验材料，设置6个施肥处理，研究化肥减量对设施番茄光合特性及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明，株高随着化肥减量的增加而降低。在化肥减量一致下通过配施有机肥和生物肥可促进番茄株高、根长和果穗数的增加。RFM1处理(化肥减施20%配施有机肥20%+微生物肥)增加了SPAD、氮素含量、气孔导度(G_s)和净光合速率(P_n)。有效磷和速效钾含量随着有机肥增加而增加，配施微生物肥后随着有机肥增加呈下降的趋势。氮肥利用率、磷肥利用率和钾肥利用率以RFM2处理(化肥减施40%配施有机肥40%+微生物肥)为最高，但与RFM1处理差异不显著。RFM1处理的番茄可溶性固形物、维生素C和番茄红素含量均最高，且有效降低了有机酸含量。番茄产量以RFM1处理为最高，RF1、RFM1和RFM2处理分别较CF处理增产4.41%、8.14%和0.82%，RF2处理较CF减产6.54%。综合考虑，在设施番茄栽培中，化肥减施20%配施有机肥20%和微生物肥，可达到化肥减施的效果。

Abstract

In order to reduce chemical fertilizers and speed up the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers and promote the application of microbial fertilizers, tomato Duojiruixing was used as the test material, and six fertilization treatments were set up in the experiment to study the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on the growth characteristics and fertilizer utilization rate of facility tomato. The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on the growth characteristics and fertilizer utilization rate of facility tomato were studied in order to find the appropriate reduction ratio from the response mechanism of photosynthetic characteristics and fertilizer utilization rate to chemical fertilizer reduction. The results showed that the plant height decreased with the increase of chemical fertilizer reduction, and the growth of plant height, root system and ear number of tomato could be promoted by applying organic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer. RFM1 treatment increased SPAD, nitrogen value, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. The available phosphorus and available potassium increased with the increase of organic fertilizer, and decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer after the application of microbial fertilizer. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer was higher in RFM2 treatment, but not significantly different from RFM1. RFM1 treated tomato had the highest content of soluble solids, vitamin C and lycopene, which effectively reduced the content of organic acids. The yields of tomatos treated by RF1, RF2, RFM1 and RFM2 were 4.41%, -6.54%, 8.14% and 0.82% higher than that of CF, and RFM1 was highest. Collectively, in facility tomato cultivation, 20% of chemical fertilizer can be replaced by organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer to achieve the effect of chemical fertilizer reduction.

关键词

番茄 / 化肥减量 / 微生物肥 / 光合特性 / 肥料利用率

Key words

Tomato / Fertilizer reduction / Microbial fertilizer / Photosynthetic characteristics / Fertilizer utilization rate

参考文献

[1] 李君明, 项朝阳, 王孝宣, 等. “十三五”我国番茄产业现状及展望[J]. 中国蔬菜, 2021(2): 13-20.

[2] 程国亭, 王延峰, 姜文婷, 等. 设施番茄土壤障碍综合防控研究进展[J]. 中国蔬菜, 2023(2): 16-24.

[3] 魏百弘, 张文斌, 铁建中, 等. 日光温室土壤消毒处理对番茄产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国瓜菜, 2022, 35(10): 64-68.

[4] 白玲, 李俊华, 褚贵新, 等. 有机无机肥配施对棉花养分吸收及氮素效率的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2014, 32(5): 143-148.

[5] 王兴龙, 朱敏, 杨帆, 等. 配施有机肥减氮对川中丘区土壤微生物量与酶活性的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(3): 271-276.

[6] 侯小畔, 安婷婷, 周亚男, 等. 增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2018, 26(1): 127-133.

[7] 刘金平, 孙菲菲, 王夏, 等. 减量施肥对番茄生长和品质的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2021(8): 52-56.

[8] 张国显, 范永怀, 赵凤艳, 等. 化肥减量配施有机物料对设施番茄生长、光合特性、产量及品质的影响[J]. 中国科技论文, 2018, 13(6): 698-703.

[9] 丛孟菲, 赖宁, 胡洋, 等. 化肥减施对滴灌冬小麦灌浆期光合生理特性的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2022(5): 43-50.

[10] 孙庆圣, 原程, 张玉先. 减施氮肥和接种根瘤菌对黑大豆光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2022(4): 132-137.

[11] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M].3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000.

[12] 李合生. 植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001.

[13] 王广印, 郭卫丽, 陈碧华, 等. 河南省设施蔬菜连作障碍现状调查与分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2016, 32(25): 27-33.

[14] 孙薇, 钱勋, 付青霞, 等. 生物有机肥对秦巴山区核桃园土壤微生物群落和酶活性的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(5): 1224-1233.

[15] 王秀娟, 韩瑛祚, 何志刚, 等. 微生物菌肥对设施番茄养分吸收与土壤氮磷累积的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2021(19): 100-106.

[16] 姜蓉, 汤利, 李淼, 等. 设施土壤微生物结构和酶活性对减量化肥配施有机肥的响应[J]. 土壤通报, 2017, 48(3): 639-646.

[17] 张承, 王秋萍, 周开拓, 等. 猕猴桃园套种吉祥草对土壤酶活性及果实产量、品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(8): 1556-1567.

[18] 郑剑超, 闫曼曼. 不同基质配比对槽式栽培黄瓜光合特性及果实发育的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2019(8): 21-25.

[19] 候丽丽, 王伟, 崔新菊, 等. 化肥减量配施有机肥对小麦生长、光合和产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2021, 41(4): 475-482.

[20] 武杞蔓, 刘朋宇, 张颖, 等. 微生物菌肥对番茄生长、品质及糖代谢相关酶的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2022, 50(24): 125-130.

[21] 夏秀波, 李涛, 姚建刚, 等. 液态有机肥部分替代化肥对设施番茄根区真菌菌群的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2021(12): 79-87.

[22] 孔涛, 马瑜, 刘民, 等. 生物有机肥对土壤养分和土壤微生物的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2016, 33(4): 884-891.

[23] 崔佳萌, 刘蕾, 李博文, 等. 功能微生物菌剂防控设施菜田土壤磷素面源污染的效果[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2021, 49(23): 232-238.

[24] 何志刚, 娄春荣, 王秀娟, 等. 氮钾配施对设施番茄土壤微生物群落及土壤养分和盐分的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2017(9): 148-153.

[25] 刘红江, 陈虞雯, 孙国峰, 等. 有机肥-无机肥不同配施比例对水稻产量和农田养分流失的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2017, 36(2): 405-412.

[26] 赵军, 李勇, 冉炜, 等. 有机肥替代部分化肥对稻麦轮作系统产量及土壤微生物区系的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2016, 39(4): 594-602.

基金资助

兵团十二师兵地融合及向南发展项目(SR202118)