The swimming velocity of fish can be adjusted by tail-beat frequency and swing, how to determine the optimal tail-beat frequency and swing of specific swimming velocity is of great significance for understanding the swimming mechanism of fish and improving the range of bionic vehicles such as robotic fish. Using the ghost-cell immersed boundary method with adaptive mesh, the self-propelled swimming of fish under different tail-beat frequencies and swings is numerically simulated, and the effects of frequency and swing on the unit energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that the relationship between swimming velocity and tail-beat frequency is approximately linear under the same tail-beat swing. Under the condition of the same swimming velocity, the energy consumption required per unit distance with different tail-beat swings varies significantly, with a maximum difference of 2.5 times, the energy consumption does not change monotonously with tail-beat swing and there is an optimal tail-beat swing of energy-saving. When the swimming velocity is 1.5 non-dimensional units, the optimal tail-beat swing is 0.07 times the body length. The optimal tail-beat swing decreases with the increase of swimming velocity, being regarded as a constant value in a certain range of swimming velocity. For example, when the swimming velocity is between 1.0 and 2.0 non-dimensional units, the optimal tail-beat swing remains between 0.05 and 0.07 times the body length. Therefore, the most energy-efficient swimming mode for fish is as follows: based on a segmented regulation strategy for swimming velocity intervals, the corresponding optimal tail-beat swing is matched within different velocity ranges, and the specific swimming velocity is adjusted by tail-beat frequency.
BerenshteinI, ParisC B, GildorH, et al. Auto-correlated directional swimming can enhance settlement success and connectivity in fish larvae[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2018, 439: 76-85.
[2]
VermaS, NovatiG, KoumoutsakosP. Efficient collective swimming by harnessing vortices through deep reinforcement learning[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018, 115(23): 5849-5854.
[3]
ZhuY, TianF B, YoungJ, et al. A numerical study of fish adaption behaviors in complex environments with a deep reinforcement learning and immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11: 1691.
[4]
LinY C, ZhangD N. Experimental and numerical investigations on undulatory motion of a soft-fin-based underwater robot[J]. Journal of Mechanics, 2022, 38: 273-283.
[5]
EloyC, SchouveilerL. Optimisation of two-dimensional undulatory swimming at high Reynolds number[J].International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 2011, 46(4): 568-576.
HuRuinan, MeiJie, ChengZhengshu, et al. Simulation analysis of hydrodynamic performance of bionic robotic fish driven by caudal fin swing[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2020(6): 463-470. (in Chinese)
FengYikun, SuYumin, SuYuanyuan, et al. Study on numerical simulation method and mechanism of bionic robot fish’s self-propelled swimming[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 47(12): 18-24. (in Chinese)
[10]
YuJ Z, WangM, DongH F, et al. Motion control and motion coordination of bionic robotic fish: a review[J]. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2018, 15(4): 579-598.
[11]
VermaS, ShenD, XuJ X. Motion control of robotic fish under dynamic environmental conditions using adaptive control approach[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2018, 43(2): 381-390.
[12]
WangC C, LuJ, DingX L, et al. Design, modeling, control, and experiments for a fish-robot-based IoT platform to enable smart ocean[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8(11): 9317-9329.
[13]
AndersonJ M, StreitlienK, BarrettD S, et al. Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1998, 360: 41-72.
[14]
TaylorG K, NuddsR L, ThomasA L R. Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency[J]. Nature, 2003, 425(6959): 707-711.
[15]
EloyC. Optimal Strouhal number for swimming animals[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2012, 30: 205-218.
[16]
TytellE D. Do trout swim better than eels? Challenges for estimating performance based on the wake of self-propelled bodies[J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2007, 43(5): 701-712.
[17]
SchultzW W, WebbP W. Power requirements of swimming: do new methods resolve old questions?[J]. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2002, 42(5): 1018-1025.
[18]
KenneallyP W, PiggottS, SchaubH.Basilisk: a flexible, scalable and modular astrodynamics simulation framework[J].Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 2020, 17( 9): 496-507.
[19]
PopinetS. Gerris: a tree-based adaptive solver for the incompressible Euler equations in complex geometries[J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 2003, 190(2): 572-600.
[20]
MittalR, DongH, BozkurttasM, et al. A versatile sharp interface immersed boundary method for incompressible flows with complex boundaries[J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 2008, 227(10): 4825-4852.
[21]
WangL, WuC J. An adaptive version of ghost-cell immersed boundary method for incompressible flows with complex stationary and moving boundaries[J]. Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 2010, 53(5): 923-932.
[22]
XinJ J, LiT Q, ShiF L. A radial basis function for reconstructing complex immersed boundaries in ghost cell method[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2018, 30(5): 890-897.
[23]
BorazjaniI, SotiropoulosF. Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamics of carangiform swimming in the transitional and inertial flow regimes[J]. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2008, 211(10): 1541-1558.
ZhangQi, YaoZhigang, ChenQi, et al. Research on robotic Carangidae fish swimming posture simulation based on virtual prototype[J]. Machinery, 2019, 46(1): 68-72. (in Chinese)
GaoTianyu, YuYongliang, BaoLin. Study on the scaling law of fish-like body self-propulsion with carangiform undulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2023, 55(4): 858-873. (in Chinese)
[28]
VidelerJ J, HessF. Fast continuous swimming of two pelagic predators, saithe (Pollachius virens) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus): a kinematic analysis[J]. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1984, 109(1): 209-228.