航空涡轴/涡桨发动机军民持久试验差异及先军后民适航采信路径

Differences between military and civil endurance tests for aircraft turboshaft/turboprop engines and a military-to-civil airworthiness crediting path

摘要

随着军民融合深度发展与军民两用航空发动机平台系列化发展，合理采信军民两用发动机的军用持久试验结果，对缩短民用适航验证周期、降低取证成本具有重要意义。本文以航空涡轴/涡桨发动机为对象，梳理了美国、欧洲和中国军用标准与民用适航规章中持久试验条款的演变脉络，重点对比了《航空涡轮螺桨和涡轮轴发动机通用规范》（GJB 242A—2018）与《航空发动机适航规定》（CCAR-33R2）在持久试验主体要求和附加要求等方面的异同，并从损伤机制与严苛度评价基准两个维度剖析了二者差异的物理内涵。研究表明，军民持久试验在结构完整性、耐久性与可靠性考核目标上具有一致性，且二者均向着基于安全效果的等效持久试验方向演变，但军用标准的试车谱更贴近多变任务剖面，民用适航规章则更强调典型任务循环与“三红线”考核。在此基础上，结合欧美等效持久试验的理念与实践，本文提出了面向先军后民适航采信的持久试验严苛度评价路径，为军民两用航空发动机先军后民适航采信提供方法参考与技术支撑。

Abstract

With the deepening of civil-military integration and the development of dual-use aero-engine platform families, rationally crediting the military endurance test results of dual-use engines is of great significance for shortening the civil airworthiness verification cycle and reducing certification costs. Taking aircraft turboshaft/turboprop engines as the object of study, this paper reviews the evolution of endurance test provisions in the military standards and civil airworthiness regulations of the United States, Europe and China. It then compares the General Specification for Aircraft Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines (GJB 242A-2018) and the Airworthiness Regulations for Aero-engines (CCAR-33R2) in terms of their main and additional endurance test requirements, so as to identify their similarities and differences. The physical connotation of these differences is analyzed from the two dimensions of damage mechanism and severity assessment criterion. The results show that military and civil endurance tests are consistent in their assessment objectives of structural integrity, durability and reliability. Both are evolving toward equivalent endurance tests based on safety outcomes. However, the test spectra specified in military standards are closer to variable mission profiles. In contrast, civil airworthiness regulations place greater emphasis on representative mission cycles and the "three red lines" assessment. On this basis, drawing on the concepts and practices of equivalent endurance tests in Europe and the United States, this paper proposes an endurance test severity assessment path oriented to military-to-civil airworthiness crediting. This path provides methodological reference and technical support for the military-to-civil airworthiness crediting of dual-use aero-engines.

关键词

航空涡轴/涡桨发动机 / 军用标准 / 民用适航规章 / 持久试验 / 严苛度评价 / 先军后民适航采信

Key words

aircraft turboshaft/turboprop engines / military standards / civil airworthiness regulations / endurance test / severity assessment / military-to-civil airworthiness crediting

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基金资助

国家科技重大专项(MJG3-1N24)