锂离子电池火灾防治技术研究进展

Research progress in fire prevention and control technologies for lithium-ion batteries

摘要

锂离子电池在电子产品、电动汽车和储能电站等诸多领域的应用日益广泛但锂离子电池的安全性问题不容忽视，在过充、过热、机械挤压等滥用条件下，锂离子电池极易发生热失控（TR，thremal runaway）现象，进而造成严重的火灾甚至爆炸事故本文综述了近年来锂离子电池火灾防治技术的研究进展，对气体灭火剂、水系灭火剂、泡沫灭火剂、干粉灭火剂、新型灭火剂及锂离子电池火灾抑制策略等进行了讨论，并对锂离子电池火灾防治技术的前景进行了展望，指出在未来研究中亟须开发兼具高效灭火和冷却性能、低毒环保的新型复合灭火剂，并深入优化灭火策略，进而提升对锂离子电池系统热失控及火灾传播的抑制效果。

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly widely used in many fields such as electronic products, electric vehicles and energy storage power stations. However, the safety problems of lithium-ion batteries cannot be ignored. Under abuse conditions such as overcharging, overheating and mechanical extrusion, lithium-ion batteries are highly prone to thermal runaway (TR), which may in turn cause serious fires and even explosion accidents. This paper reviews the research progress in fire prevention and control technologies for lithium-ion batteries in recent years. It discusses gaseous, water-based, foam, dry powder and novel fire extinguishing agents, as well as fire suppression strategies for lithium-ion batteries. The prospects of fire prevention and control technologies for lithium-ion batteries are also discussed. It is pointed out that future research urgently needs to develop novel composite fire extinguishing agents that combine high fire extinguishing efficiency and cooling performance with low toxicity and environmental friendliness. Fire extinguishing strategies should be further optimized so as to improve the suppression effects on thermal runaway and fire propagation in lithium-ion battery systems.

关键词

锂离子电池安全 / 热失控 / 火灾防治 / 灭火剂 / 灭火策略

Key words

lithium-ion battery safety / thermal runaway / fire prevention and control / fire extinguishing agent / fire extinguishing strategy

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基金资助

天津市航空装备安全性与适航技术创新中心开放基金资助(JCZX-2026-KF-03)