In wireless multi-hop networks,using the broadcast backbone to forward messages can effectively improve network efficiency.Based on the existing ECHO protocol,an optimized ECHO-OPT scheme was proposed,which considered the energy factor of nodes in the decision-making process of critical nodes,and optimized the redundant nodes in the critical node set in the process of message forwarding.In the experiments,the influence of communication range on redundant nodes was studied and the network performance of the protocol was tested under fixed network density and dynamic network density.The simulation results show that compared with ECHO,ECHO-OPT can optimize the size of critical node set by an average of 4.67 in high-density networks,and reduce the network load by 65% and 32% respectively compared with MPR and ECHO.At the same time,ECHO-OPT also has a higher network lifetime.
由于工作效率高于单体无人机,无人机集群已广泛应用于遥感、灾后搜救[1-2]、应急通信[3-5]等领域。飞行自组网(flying ad hoc network,FANET)是由无人机集群组成的无需依赖于基础设施,以无人机节点作为通信节点的空中多跳自组网[6]。无线通信的通信范围受到功率的限制,致使无线网络中的节点无法与所有其他节点直接通信,因此需要一个或多个中间节点将数据从源转发到目标,以实现整体的网络全联通[7]。由于不需要事先建立端到端连接,广播成为多跳无线网络[8]的常用模式,其中传统和常用的广播模式是泛洪协议[9]。泛洪协议是路由协议中的一种基本方式,用于在网络中传输数据包。泛洪协议不依赖于具体的拓扑结构或路由表,而是将数据包从一个节点发送到网络中的所有其他节点。泛洪协议的工作原理是当一个节点接收到一个数据包时,它会将该数据包转发给接收者之外的其他所有相邻节点。每个节点重复该过程,直到所有节点都接收到该数据包或者达到某个预定的停止条件为止。
尽管泛洪协议简单且易于实现,但仍旧存在一些问题。首先,泛洪协议会导致网络中数据包的大量冗余,从而增加网络流量和资源消耗。其次,在无任何控制措施下,数据包可能会无限循环地在网络中传播,广播数据充斥网络无法处理,形成“广播风暴”。因此,泛洪协议通常只适用于小型网络或用于特殊目的。为了解决上述问题,许多具有代表性的协议应运而生,如自组织网络按需距离矢量路由协议(Ad hoc on-demand distance vector,AODV)[10]、动态源路由(dynamic source routing,DSR)[11]、优化链路状态路由协议(optimized link state routing,OLSR)[12]等。在OLSR协议中,链路状态信息由被选为多点中继的节点生成,从而减少了网络中泛洪的控制信息,消息只由MPR节点转发进而在很大程度上降低了网络负载。但是,随着无人机节点数量的增加,路由开销也会呈现与节点数量的平方成正比的增长趋势。尽管可以通过降低更新频率来减少开销,但该举措会增加延迟。因此,在无线自组网中,如何以最小的路由维护开销实现快速路由更新并确保网络正常运行成为一个关键问题。在无人机集群中,构建虚拟骨干网[13]是减少路由开销和消息转发量的有效手段。
在ECHO-OPT中,由于没有控制包的存在,关键节点的选择过程受数据包发送与接收顺序的主导。然而,在无线自组网中,数据链路层通过一种称为载波感知多路访问(carrier sense multiple access,CSMA)的协议控制节点的消息发送顺序[19]。在CSMA协议中,当一个节点要发送数据时,首先进行信道检测并判断其是否空闲,如果信道正在被其他节点使用,则需要等待一段时间后再次尝试发送。该机制确保了节点之间的公平竞争,以避免碰撞和冲突。
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