Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for National Defense of Aeronautical Digital Manufacturing Process,Shenyang Aerospace University,Shenyang 110136,China
To address the issue of concave and convex deviations on the surface of laser deposition manufacturing, an algorithm for surface deviation monitoring and feedback control was designed. Surface deviation monitoring was achieved through three-dimensional point cloud reconstruction, coordinate system registration, simplified noise reduction, and deviation value calculation. The feedback control algorithm extracted contour profiles of deviation zones, generating layered compensation trajectories for concave areas and zoned control trajectories for convex areas, thereby implementing feedback control over surface deviation regions. A validation experiment was conducted: the surface deviation monitoring and feedback control programe promptly identified concave and convex deviation zones on the test specimen surface and applied feedback control, significantly reducing surface flatness errors. This demonstrated the effectiveness of the forming surface deviation monitoring and feedback control algorithm, holding significant implications for the advancement of laser additive manufacturing technology.
鉴于此,各国学者在成形表面形貌监测,其中包括:熔池监测[7]、表面点云监测[8-10]及图像监测[11-12]等,表面偏差控制,其中包括:温度场控制[13-15]、工艺参数控制[16-17]等,点云处理算法[18-20]、图像处理算法[21-23]等方面进行了广泛的研究工作。杨启等[24]基于激光沉积制造系统设计了电荷耦合设备(charge coupled device,CCD)相机同轴拍摄系统,基于该系统获取熔池的双色图像,并采用最小外接矩形算法来处理图像以获得熔池宽度数据,再由比例—积分—微分控制器(proportion integral differential,PID)控制器反馈控制激光功率,使沉积过程中的熔池宽度趋于稳定,显著提高了沉积制件成形表面质量。苏立志等[25]搭建了彩色电荷耦合设备相机同轴测温系统与基于模糊增量式PID控制器的闭环控制系统,通过试验验证,该系统能够显著地改善由熔池温度波动引起的激光沉积成形制件的表面形貌与质量问题。彭程[26]基于红外测温仪获取熔池尾部温度,并由PID控制器对激光功率进行闭环调控,实现了激光沉积制件的熔池温度监测与调控,通过试验证明,该方法能够有效减少激光沉积制件过程中的热累积,使熔池温度趋于稳定,从而提高沉积制件成形质量。Huang等[11]建立了一种非接触式原位三维激光轮廓仪检测系统,系统将扫描得到的三维空间点云转换为二维平面图像,然后对像素进行分类并识别表面缺陷,验证试验结果表明:该方法可以检测到制件成形表面广泛存在的凸起和塌陷缺陷。Chen等[18]提出了一种激光沉积制件成形表面缺陷的快速识别方法,利用机器学习的方法开发了形貌点云数据处理程序,点云数据处理程序包括过滤、分割、面点距离计算、点聚类和特征提取等模块,并通过试验验证了该方法能够实现样件表面缺陷的检测和分类。张潇丹[27]提出了点云数据预处理、点云数据配准及表面缺陷识别的几种先进方法,将标准点云数据与待测点云数据配准并对比计算,根据计算结果将缺陷分类为凸起、凹陷和划痕3种,并通过试验验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。
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