1.College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
3.China Electronics System Engineering No. 2 Construction Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
Objective Earthquakes generate seismic waves that cause significant damage to buildings on the ground. At present, the metamaterial isolation barrier represents an emerging seismic reduction technology for building structures. However, existing research frequently encounters challenges such as excessive ground space requirements and limited band gaps in metamaterial isolation barriers. Therefore, this study proposes a buried point-vibration-type metamaterial encased in steel plates, with an internal structure composed of alternating steel blocks and rubber columns. The fundamental principle of seismic metamaterial isolation is to dissipate the energy of incoming seismic waves through local resonance, providing effective protection to buildings located within the barrier. Methods The fundamental principle for calculating the dispersion relationship of periodic structures was derived from the theory of elastic waves. The band structure of the metamaterial and the mode shapes at specific points were calculated using the finite element method. The accuracy of the dispersion curve calculation method was validated by the simulation results of previous studies. A frequency-domain analysis model was developed, and displacement excitations in the frequency range of 0.1 to 20.0 Hz were applied at the excitation points. The frequency response curve was plotted using the transfer spectrum, and the filtering effect of the metamaterial barrier under 6.0 Hz excitation was analyzed based on the mode and displacement distribution. The filtering characteristics of multi-layer barriers on oblique incident waves were then calculated. Then, the optimal material parameters and number of buried layers were determined through parameter analysis by filling various layers of soil and rubber with different densities and elastic moduli inside the metamaterial structure. A model consisting of 6 layers of soil and metamaterials with different parameters was constructed to calculate the band gap and frequency response curve of metamaterials under layered soil conditions, considering the gradual variation of soil parameters with depth in real scenarios. In addition, the arrangement of the metamaterial structure in a 4×5 array was examined to enhance the attenuation effect of elastic waves. Finally, artificial sine waves with a wave period of 10 and center frequencies of 0.7, 5.0, and 8.0 Hz were constructed using the Heaviside step function. The 0.7 Hz sine wave was outside the band gap, while the 5.0 and 8.0 Hz sine waves were inside the band gap. Representative seismic waves were selected from the Peer ground motion database to simulate the filtering effect of metamaterials when encountering actual seismic waves. Results and Discussions The results demonstrated that metamaterials generated a wide low-frequency band gap, with a band gap range of 0.87~12.57 Hz and a band gap width of 11.70 Hz. The mechanism behind the formation and closure of the gap was analyzed using the mode theory of specific points on the band structure, revealing that the gap was formed through the local resonance of the structure. The displacements at the response points were computed under three conditions: no super barrier, a 10-element structure, and a 20-element structure, and the frequency response curves were plotted based on the transfer spectrum. The results showed that the attenuation range of the frequency response curve was consistent with the gap, verifying the accuracy of deriving the gap from the dispersion curve. The displacement field and displacement distribution diagrams under 6.0 Hz excitation indicated that the displacement minimally decreases after the elastic wave passes through without the metamaterial barrier. However, the displacement significantly decreases with the addition of the metamaterial barrier, confirming the filtering effect of the metamaterial barrier. The metamaterial barrier also provided strong attenuation for oblique incident waves. As the number of soil layers increases, the midpoint frequency (fm) gradually increases, and the relative band gap width (fw) reduces, shifting the gap toward higher frequencies with a smaller bandwidth. Similarly, an increase in rubber density led to a gradual decrease in fm and a gradual increase in fw, resulting in lower frequencies with a larger bandwidth in the gap. In addition, an increase in rubber elastic modulus causes a gradual increase in fm and a gradual decrease in fw, shifting the gap toward higher frequencies with a smaller bandwidth. Under stratified soil conditions, the structure generated a gap with a range of 0.87~17.61 Hz and a width of 16.74 Hz, which was 5.04 Hz wider than the gap width of uniform soil layers. The frequency response curve showed a significantly enhanced attenuation effect of the metamaterial barrier with a 4×5 array structure. When an artificial sine wave with a frequency outside the gap range of 0.7 Hz was input, the average attenuation effect reached about 13%. Even when the main frequency of the signal wave was outside the gap range, the metamaterial barrier still produced a smaller acceleration at the response point compared to the structure without the super barrier, indicating that the metamaterial did not amplify the signal wave outside the gap. In addition, when 5.0 and 8.0 Hz artificial sine waves were input, the average attenuation effect reached about 65% and exceeded 96%, respectively. The accelerations of two seismic waves (Imperial Valley and El‒Centro) were attenuated by about 46% and 74% in the Z direction. Conclusions The structure with a metamaterial barrier possesses a broad low-frequency band gap generated through local resonance. The metamaterial demonstrates effective attenuation of elastic waves within the gap range, and the barriers retain strong attenuation capability even for oblique incident waves. It is recommended to utilize metamaterial barriers with one, two, or three layers of buried soil to ensure structural stability. Employing rubber with a higher friction coefficient helps minimize the impact on the gap while maintaining other parameters constant, whereas the use of rubber with a higher elastic modulus still preserves a favorable gap range. The gap width in stratified soil conditions increases, making the metamaterial barrier more suitable for practical applications. A 4×5 array or similar arrangement structures are recommended to enhance the attenuation effect. The metamaterial barrier effectively attenuates sine waves with frequencies within the gap without producing adverse effects on sine waves with frequencies outside the gap. It also demonstrates effective attenuation of recorded seismic waves and verifies the capacity to absorb low-frequency seismic wave energy. The findings presented in this study can provide valuable references for the practical application of seismic metamaterials and the design of vibration isolation structures with broader band gaps, stronger feasibility, and improved stability.
BilhamR.Lessons from the Haiti earthquake[J].Nature, 2010,463(7283):878‒879. doi:10.1038/463878a
[2]
PeiWeilai, ZhouShiyong, ZhuangJiancang,et al.Application and discussion of statistical seismology in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment studies[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2022,65(2):257‒268. doi:10.1007/s11430-021-9824-0
[3]
GroudevP, PetrovaP.Overview of the available information concerning seismic hazard for the Kozloduy NPP site[J].Progress in Nuclear Energy,2017,97:162‒169. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2017.01.007
[4]
ShiZhifei, HuangJiankun.Feasibility of reducing three-dimensional wave energy by introducing periodic foundations[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2013,50:204‒212. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.03.009
[5]
ShiJianri, DongXinjun, LinYouqin,et al.Experimental study on base isolation structure considering ssi effect under long-period earthquake[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2022,30(4):936‒950.
CenedeseM, BelloniE, BraghinF.Interaction of Bragg scattering bandgaps and local resonators in mono-coupled periodic structures[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2021,129(12):124501. doi:10.1063/5.0038438
ZhaoChunfeng, WangYinzhi, ChuFan,et al.Research on the isolation performance of cruciform gradient seismic metamaterial[J].Engineering Mechanics,2023,(3):1‒14.
PalermoA, KrödelS, MarzaniA,et al.Engineered metabarrier as shield from seismic surface waves[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:39356. doi:10.1038/srep39356
[13]
ZhaoChunfeng, ZengChao, WitartoW,et al.Isolation performance of a small modular reactor using 1D periodic foundation[J].Engineering Structures,2021,244:112825. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112825
[14]
ColquittD J, ColombiA, CrasterR V,et al.Seismic metasurfaces:Sub-wavelength resonators and Rayleigh wave interaction[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2017,99:379‒393. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2016.12.004
[15]
ZhaoChunfeng, ZengChao, WitartoW,et al.Attenuation characteristics and isolation performance of one-dimensional periodic foundation[J].Journal of Building Structures,2020,41(Supp2):77‒85.
XuRui, MuzamilM, FanLi,et al.Broadband seismic metamaterial with an improved cylinder by introducing plus-shaped structure[J].Europhysics Letters,2021,133(3):37001. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/133/37001
[18]
BaiYongtao, LiXiaolei, ZhouXuhong,et al.Soil-expended seismic metamaterial with ultralow and wide bandgap[J].Mechanics of Materials,2023,180:104601. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2023.104601
[19]
ChenZhenyu, WangGuifeng, LimC W.Artificially engineered metaconcrete with wide bandgap for seismic surface wave manipulation[J].Engineering Structures,2023,276:115375. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115375
[20]
NiAnchen, ShiZhifei.Broadband wave attenuation and topological transport in novel periodic pile barriers[J].Engineering Structures,2022,262:114378. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114378
[21]
LiuZe, QinKaiqiang, YuGuilan.Partially embedded gradient metabarrier:Broadband shielding from seismic Rayleigh waves at ultralow frequencies[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2020,146(5):04020032. doi:10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001752
[22]
QinKaiqiang, LiuZe, YuGuilan.Partially embedded barrier for broad band attenuation of surface waves in low frequencies[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2020,40(2):187‒194.
BlochF.Über die quantenmechanik der elektronen in kristallgittern[J].Zeitschrift Für Physik,1929,52(7):555‒600. doi:10.1007/bf01339455
[25]
BilitewskiT, CooperN R.Scattering theory for floquet-Bloch states[J].Physical Review A,2015,91(3):033601. doi:10.1103/physreva.91.033601
[26]
PuXingbo, ShiZhifei, XiangHongjun.Feasibility of ambient vibration screening by periodic geofoam-filled trenches[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2018,104:228‒235. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.10.022
[27]
WangWenjie, NiZhongbin, ChenMingqing,et al.Effects of rubber types and SiC filler on rubber slip resistance[J].New Chemical Materials,2023,51(5):261‒265.