1.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.College of Water Resources & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
4.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Objective Glaciers are distributed widely in nature. Under the disturbance of external environmental factors, glacier ice becomes unstable, which triggers the occurrence of glacier disasters. Therefore, studying the mechanical properties and constitutive models for polycrystalline ice has important theoretical value for understanding the triggering mechanism of glacier disasters. Methods For preparing the polycrystalline ice samples, ice particles with a diameter of less than 2 mm were selected and layered in the mold for compaction. The samples were then degassed and saturated using the bottom-in water saturation method. On the mesoscopic level, based on the preparation method, the samples consist of both skeleton ice and pore ice. The confining pressures at -2 and -6 ℃ in the triaxial tests were 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 4.0 MPa, respectively. The instrument used for the tests was an MTS triaxial testing machine. Based on the framework of breakage mechanics and homogenization, a Binary Medium Constitutive Model was established to describe the mechanical properties of polycrystalline ice samples. This model adopted a mesoscopic approach to describe the failure process of polycrystalline ice. The samples in the model consist of two parts: bonded elements and frictional elements. At the beginning of the tests, the samples were intact and composed entirely of bonded elements, which exhibited elastic-brittle mechanical behavior. With the increase in external load, the local pore ice in the samples is destroyed, and the skeleton ice near the pore ice slips and crushes, showing the characteristics of loose ice particles. The frictional elements are composed of the broken parts of the samples, exhibiting elastic-plastic mechanical behavior. In the RVE (representative volume element), during loading, the bonded elements gradually fracture and transform into frictional elements, both of which jointly bear external loads. Finally, the polycrystalline ice becomes entirely composed of frictional elements. The breakage ratio and the strain concentration factor were introduced using homogenization theory to describe the evolution of the internal structure and the non-uniform strain distribution under external load in the RVE. The linear elastic constitutive relation in the model was applied to the bonded elements. For the frictional elements, the ideal elastoplastic constitutive relation was adopted, in which the material was linear elastic before failure and ideally plastic at failure. The yield criterion of the frictional elements follows the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, assuming a non-associated flow rule. The breakage ratio is expressed as a function of strain, describing the transformation from bonded to frictional elements in the RVE. The breakage ratio function adopted an empirical formula. The strain concentration factor is also expressed as a function of strain, representing the relationship between the strain of the bonded elements and that of the RVE. The parameters of the model include two types: material parameters and structural parameters. The material parameters were obtained from test results and previous research, whereas the structural parameters were derived from macro analysis of test data or trial-and-error methods. Results and Discussions The deviatoric stress-axial strain curves of the polycrystalline ice samples showed a strain-softening trend, which can be divided into the elastic-brittle stage, plastic yield stage, softening stage, and plastic flow stage. During the plastic flow stage, the curves stabilized after reaching the residual strength. Under different test conditions, the samples reached peak stress when the axial strain approached 1%, indicating that polycrystalline ice exhibited brittle material. As the confining pressure increases, the peak stress of polycrystalline ice rises, but when the confining pressure exceeds a specific value, the peak stress decreases. The results confirmed that a threshold exists when the confining pressure is less than 4 MPa. Before and after this threshold, the response of peak stress to confining pressure was opposite. At low confining pressures, the volumetric strain-axial strain curves of polycrystalline ice samples showed slight compression at first, followed by significant dilatancy. As the confining pressure increases, the curves display complete compression under high confining pressures. The tested curves at -2 °C under different confining pressures were compared to the simulated curves, and both exhibited similar variation trends. In addition, the evolution law of parameter values with confining pressure was established. The tested curves at -6 °C under low and high confining pressures were compared to the simulated curves. Conclusions The effect of confining pressure on the samples is manifested in two ways. On one hand, the confining pressure exerts a compacting effect and lateral restraint on the samples, which reduces the pores, strengthens the connection between the ice particles, and constrains the radial displacement of the samples, resulting in an increase in peak stress and volume compression of the polycrystalline ice. On the other hand, the confining pressure produces melting and crushing effects on the ice particles, weakening the bonding between them and causing fracturing and sliding of the particles, which decreases the peak stress of the samples. These two effects coexist and together determine the peak stress and the volumetric strain pattern of the samples. A decrease in temperature reduces the amount of unfrozen water in the samples and intensifies the bonding between ice particles, which increases peak stress and decreases the tendency for volumetric contraction. The rationality of the constitutive model is verified by comparing the curves at different temperatures. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of structural parameters is conducted. The universality of the model is verified by comparing the curves under different parameters.
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