State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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文章历史+
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Accepted
Published
2023-11-29
Issue Date
2026-05-13
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摘要
天然河流水流会挟带大量泥沙,这种泥沙运动会影响水流结构和河床,因此研究泥沙起动概率问题对于山洪治理、水力发电以及水库淤积等具有重要意义。采用滚动或者滑动的运动模式,结合泥沙颗粒水流推移力、水流上举力和泥沙自身的重力与泥沙颗粒水下休止角之间的关系,泥沙颗粒起动时,其水平方向的推移力必须大于阻力,根据受力平衡关系式得到了泥沙颗粒起动概率积分表达式,该表达式充分揭示了泥沙颗粒的受力图景,弥补了以往起动概率公式忽略水流推移力的不足。本文建立的起动概率公式有5个参数需要确定,通过无量纲粒径参数结合试验资料,求出了起动概率公式中的水下休止角正切值变量;利用粗糙床面水流流速和紊动分布试验数据,确定了近床面的时均流速和水流方向的紊动强度;利用均匀沙起动资料结合比例法确定了水流推移力系数和水流上举力系数,以及Luque的7组实测资料和Guy的108组试验资料对本文泥沙颗粒起动概率公式进行了验证,并与爱因斯坦公式、Engelund and Fredsoe公式以及程年生等计算公式进行了比较。结果显示:研究得到的起动概率公式具有最高的计算精度。对于临界状态的泥沙颗粒,本文起动概率倾向于弱动的起动模式,而其他公式则趋向于中动起动模式;与经典的希尔兹起动概率公式比较,本文的起动概率公式可以很好地与希尔兹曲线重合,而其他公式则是一条直线,只能计算大颗粒的泥沙起动问题。
Abstract
Objective The incipient motion of sediment constitutes an integral component in the study of sediment transportation. It plays a significant role in the design of stable channels, sediment transport analysis, and hazard assessment related to channel degradation. Due to the stochastic nature of sediment movement in natural rivers, defining the incipient motion criteria precisely is challenging. Therefore, accurately assessing the pickup probability of natural sediments remains essential. The objective of the present study is to develop a theoretical pickup probability formula for uniform sediment by employing a force balance mechanism in conjunction with a stochastic method. Methods The forces acting on a sediment particle that are considered to influence the incipient motion included the drag force, lift force, submerged weight, and resistance force. Based on the rolling motion, a critical relation for the incipient motion is derived. Under the condition of incipient motion, the tangential and normal forces are related to the angle of repose of sediment particles. The incipient motion of a sediment particle occurs when the tangential drag force exceeds the tangential resistance forces. Hence, a theoretical pickup probability formula was developed based on the force balance model. Experimental results showed that the time-averaged velocity increases with increasing flow depth. It reached the maximum value at the water surface for wide open-channel flow. The time-averaged velocity was distributed based on a logarithmic law. The near-bed time-averaged velocity in the present pickup probability equation was derived by assuming the drag force acted at a position of 0.35 d distance from the theoretical bed level. For uniform flow, previous results showed that the turbulence intensity followed the exponential law. Also, the turbulence intensity in the water flow direction decreased with increasing water depth. With reference to the experimental data for a rough open-channel flow bed conducted by Kironoto, the parameter of near-bed turbulence intensity in the present pickup probability equation was obtained. The angle of repose is a fundamental property of sediment particles. Under static conditions, the angle of repose is the steepest incline beyond which the slope of the sediment particles collapses. This property is important in sediment transportation. Previous results showed that it increases with sediment size d. With reference to the experimental data conducted by Yang, the present study derived a theoretical formula to calculate the angle of repose in a water medium. Unlike previous studies, the angle of repose equation developed in this study is a function of dimensionless sediment size d*. The parameter of the tan value of the angle of repose was determined based on the angle of repose equation developed in this study. The drag and lift force coefficients were usually considered as unknown functions of the particle Reynolds number. Different values of both coefficients were reported in the literature. This study combined the two coefficients with an unknown function. The unknown function in the pickup probability equation was determined by comparison to the measured data. Results and Discussions There are five parameters: the angle of repose of sediment, near-bed average velocity, near-bed turbulence intensity, drag force coefficient, and lift force coefficient. Once they are determined, the present pickup probability equation can be used in engineering applications. This study obtained all the parameters with reference to the experimental data in rough open-channel flow. The measured pickup probability data were utilized to test the proposed model. Also, the present pickup probability model was compared to the Einstein formula, Engelund and Fredsoe formula, and Cheng and Chiew formula. The pickup probability was computed using the present study formula, Einstein formula, Engelund and Fredsoe formula, and Cheng and Chiew formula with the measured input data to test the accuracy of the pickup probability equation developed in the present study. The pickup probability predictions by the four equations were listed in an error table to explain the results. The pickup probability formula developed in this study has an average relative error of 22.8% for Luque data, 66.9% for Guy ripple data, and 28.2% for Guy dune data. The results showed that the equation developed in this study provides the best representation of experimental measurements. Einstein's formula has an average relative error of 772.9% for Luque data, 2 666.4% for Guy ripple data, and 418.4% for Guy dune data. Einstein's pickup probability formula produces the highest errors, probably because his formula was not verified with experimental data in his original papers. For a given pickup probability, the pickup probability equation can be utilized to calculate the critical shear velocity of uniform sediments. Under threshold conditions, the present pickup probability P = 0.000 045 98, Einstein pickup probability P = 0.02, Engelund and Fredsoe formula P = 0.018 7, and Cheng and Chiew formula P = 0.013. The threshold value P of this study fell into the "weak movement" criterion, whereas the other three equations fell into the "middle movement" criterion. In addition, the present pickup probability model fitted the classic Shields diagram quite well under the incipient motion condition. Conclusions The integral expression of sediment particle pickup probability is derived. This expression fully reveals the force mechanism acting on sediment particles and compensates for the limitation of previous pickup probability formulas that ignored the drag force of water. The pickup probability formula developed in this study demonstrates the highest calculation accuracy. In addition, for sediment particles in the critical state, the pickup probability derived in this study tends to align with the weak moving pickup criteria, whereas other formulas correspond to the moderate moving pickup criteria. Finally, when compared to the classical Shields curve, the pickup probability formula proposed in this study shows good agreement, while other formulas yield a straight line that can only determine the incipient shear stress of large particles.
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