振动碾压下不规则卵石对防水毯的影响

黄虎 ,  邱庆明 ,  曹克磊 ,  郭利霞 ,  宋元翔 ,  刘赵涵

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (02) : 228 -238.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (02) : 228 -238. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400012
水利与土木工程

振动碾压下不规则卵石对防水毯的影响

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Influence of Irregular Gravels on Geosynthetic Clay Liner Under Vibration Rolling

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摘要

钠基膨润土防水毯(GCL,下文简称防水毯)作为一种水利工程防渗材料,在施工过程中对上下垫层土料的粒径及均匀性有较高要求,对于卵石土料丰富而缺乏细粒料的河道,将卵石土作为防水毯的上下垫层可有效降低工程投资,但在碾压过程中卵石可能会对防水毯造成顶托、刺破和挤压等问题,甚至导致防渗失效。为了评价施工碾压过程中不规则卵石对钠基膨润土防水毯的影响,建立了振动碾轮‒卵石土保护层‒钠基膨润土防水毯‒掺灰卵石土支撑层的整体离散元模型。从细观动态角度对卵石的运移规律及其对防水毯的影响开展研究,并提出防水毯局部伸长率、卵石嵌入值和膨润土配位数3种评价指标,对防水毯的安全性开展评价。研究结果表明:碾压过程中不规则卵石会出现旋转、平移等运动形态,进而对防水毯产生挤压、顶托和嵌入等;防水毯与卵石间主要接触形式为点和面接触。在碾压全过程中,典型部位的防水毯局部最大伸长率为3.79%;卵石嵌入最大值为2.1 mm;膨润土配位数分布规律与卵石和防水毯的接触形式及碾压遍数相关,在前7遍碾压过程中,配位数均大于理论极限值;随着碾压遍数增大,局部配位数小于理论极限值。综合3项评价指标结果可知,施工过程中有效控制碾压遍数可保证防水毯的完整性和防渗效果。研究成果可为类似工程施工提供理论参考和借鉴。

Abstract

Objective Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), as a typical anti-seepage material, is extensively employed in hydraulic engineering. In river regulation and water storage projects, laying the GCL on the riverbed cushion significantly enhances the anti-seepage performance of river courses. For rivers deficient in fine-grained materials, adopting pebble soil as the upper and lower cushion layers of the GCL serves as an effective measure to reduce project investment. However, during the construction compaction process, pebbles induce jacking, puncturing, and extrusion damage to the GCL, which can even lead to the loss of anti-seepage functionality in severe cases. In practical engineering, monitoring the motion behavior of pebbles during compaction remains challenging, resulting in the inability to quantitatively evaluate the impact of pebbles on the GCL. Therefore, this study adopts numerical analysis methods to investigate the migration law of pebble soil and its effects on the GCL. Based on the numerical results, a set of safety evaluation indices for the GCL is proposed, providing a theoretical basis for guiding field construction. Methods Firstly, undisturbed soil samples collected from the construction site were remolded in the laboratory. Particle size analysis and compaction tests were conducted to determine the particle gradation and compaction curve of the remolded pebble soil. Triaxial compression tests were further performed to obtain the macroscopic mechanical parameters, such as peak strength and strain, of the pebble soil, which provided an experimental basis for calibrating the meso-scale parameters of the numerical model. Secondly, based on the discrete element method (DEM), the geometric morphology of irregular pebbles, the operational process of vibrating rollers, and the structural characteristics of the GCL were accurately simulated. Using the laboratory test results and the maximum elongation rate index of the GCL specified in relevant standards, the numerical model was employed to replicate the laboratory testing procedures to calibrate the meso-scale parameters of the pebble soil and the GCL and to verify their effectiveness. Then, an integrated DEM model consisting of a vibrating roller, a pebble soil protective layer, a GCL, and a lime-mixed pebble soil support layer was established to simulate the dynamic construction compaction process. The effects of key factors, including pebble distribution position, morphology, pebble content, and compaction thickness, on the compaction characteristics and the overall particle distribution pattern of the backfill soil layer were systematically investigated. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of pebbles, such as motion frequency, trajectory, and morphology, the migration mechanism of pebbles under vibrating compaction loads was revealed. Finally, the effects of different compaction passes, pebble content, and soil layer thickness on the extrusion, jacking, and embedding behaviors of the GCL were analyzed. The deformation behavior of the GCL during construction compaction was clarified, and deformation-based evaluation indices were proposed to assess the safety performance of the GCL throughout the compaction process. Results and Discussions After the soil was spread, leveled, and stabilized under its self-weight, the initial porosity of the backfill soil was 13.5%. With an increase in the number of compaction passes, the porosity of the backfill soil exhibited a pattern of rapid reduction, slight fluctuation, and eventual stabilization. At the completion of 15 compaction passes, the porosity decreased to 12.6%, while the minimum porosity of 12.58% was recorded at the 9th pass. Based on the observed porosity variation pattern, the porosity essentially reached a stable condition after 7 compaction passes. Although additional compaction can further reduce porosity, a rebound phenomenon was observed after the 9th pass. The cumulative settlement of the backfill soil demonstrated a trend of gradual increase, minor fluctuation, and final stabilization. Regarding the growth rate of cumulative settlement, negative growth occurred after the 7th compaction pass, followed by a slight increase and subsequent stabilization with minor fluctuations. A combined evaluation of porosity and cumulative settlement indicates the existence of an optimal number of compaction passes during construction. Under the extrusion action of vibrating rollers, irregular pebbles experience rotational and translational movements during compaction. The interaction between pebbles and GCL is strongly influenced by pebble morphology, and different contact modes result in extrusion, jacking, and embedding effects on the GCL. Two primary contact modes occur between triangular-like pebbles and GCL: 1) point contact between pebble corners and the GCL, which generates significant jacking forces and presents a high risk of GCL puncture; and 2) surface contact, which provides a larger contact area and lower puncture risk, but can induce overall pebble embedding into the GCL during compaction, leading to lateral migration of adjacent bentonite particles and attenuation of anti-seepage performance at contact locations. Elliptical-like pebbles exhibit two contact states with the GCL, including contact through the long axis, which corresponds to surface contact behavior similar to that of triangular-like pebbles, and contact through the short axis, which resembles point contact behavior. Circular-like pebbles predominantly form surface contact with the GCL, resulting in relatively uniform extrusion. When elliptical-like and triangular-like pebbles are distributed on both the upper and lower sides of the GCL, point contact occurs, causing staggered extrusion effects. Point contact tends to raise jacking and embedding of the GCL by pebbles, leading to a high puncture risk, particularly when pebbles are present on both sides of the GCL. Three safety evaluation indices for GCL were proposed, namely the local elongation rate, pebble embedding depth, and bentonite coordination number. The local elongation rate of the GCL increases with the number of compaction passes, and the maximum local elongation rate observed at representative positions during the entire compaction process was 3.79%, which is significantly lower than the standard limit of 14.00%. The pebble embedding depth is closely related to pebble motion frequency, with a maximum recorded value of 2.1 mm. The distribution characteristics of the bentonite coordination number are influenced by both the contact mode between pebbles and the GCL and the number of compaction passes. Under point contact conditions, bentonite particles exhibit high motion frequency and low coordination numbers, indicating a reduction in the local thickness of the GCL, whereas under surface contact conditions, bentonite particles display lower motion frequency and a more uniform distribution. The coordination number remained above the theoretical limit during the first 7 compaction passes; however, localized coordination numbers fell below the theoretical limit as the number of compaction passes increased. Conclusions Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the three indices, effective control of compaction passes during construction is identified as a critical measure for ensuring the structural integrity and anti-seepage performance of the GCL.

Graphical abstract

关键词

掺灰卵石土 / 振动碾压离散元模型 / 防水毯伸长率 / 卵石嵌入值 / 膨润土配位数

Key words

lime-mixed gravel soil / vibration rolling discrete element model / geosynthetic clay liner elongation / gravel embedding value / bentonite coordination number

引用本文

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黄虎,邱庆明,曹克磊,郭利霞,宋元翔,刘赵涵. 振动碾压下不规则卵石对防水毯的影响[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(02): 228-238 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400012

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为满足生态蓄水的需求,在景观河道治理工程中,对于缺乏天然防渗材料的河道,通常在河床上设计钠基膨润土防水毯(GCL)、土工膜等人工防渗材料,并用水泥砂浆、灰土、级配良好的土或沙石料等作为防渗材料的支撑层和保护层来确保其安全性[13]。在实际工程施工过程中通常会有大量的河道天然开挖料被丢弃,造成资源浪费和环境污染;同时,受交通、工程投资等因素的影响,无法及时、方便地获取优质保护材料[4]。因此,能否将天然开挖料作为GCL的支撑层和保护层及其对GCL的影响是当前工程实践中值得探讨的一项重要课题,特别是在开挖料级配性差、颗粒形状不规则及卵石含量高地区的工程中。目前,已有研究开展了有关GCL与其衔接材料接触面破坏机理[57]和细观力学特性[89]方面的研究,如:交界面剪切破坏机制、抗剪强度的影响因素;温度、保护层颗粒的位移和孔隙比对交界面的影响。关于GCL接触面破坏机理研究与细观影响因素的研究已相对成熟,但对于GCL上下层回填土料的性质要求及回填土料与GCL作用相互关系等相关研究尚显不足,特别是将不规则卵石含量高的土体作为GCL支撑层和保护层的可行性,以及振动碾压过程中不规则卵石变位对其造成的影响,有待深入研究,以保证施工碾压完成后防渗材料的安全性。
对于实际土体碾压工程施工,多采用现场试验的方式确定其相关碾压参数;数值仿真技术不受天气、场地、材料储备等因素的限制,具有实时监测、数据采集精度高、施工方案可预测等优点,逐渐在该领域得到普遍应用。现阶段大多学者采用离散元仿真技术来模拟施工碾压过程,如堆石坝[1011]、堆石体的现场施工过程[1214]、不同形状的碾轮对碾压施工的影响[1516]、碾压过程中层间骨料嵌入特性等。为了提高振动碾压施工模型的准确性,需要对被碾压材料的细观参数进行标定并确定合理的碾压方式;当前研究主要借助仿真模拟的方法重现碾压试验、室内力学性能试验,对材料的相关参数、接触模型等细观变量进行标定,该方法已较为成熟,取得了有助于振动碾压试验仿真模拟计算的理论成果。Liu[17]和Li[18]等以现场施工碾压中的累计沉降量为校准目标,对被碾材料的细观参数进行标定。李晓柱等[19]以现场碾压试验为背景,对比碾压仿真模型中的颗粒运动规律、密度变化规律及压实特性,确定科学合理的碾压施工细观参数。在砂卵石土、土石混合体细观参数标定方面:Lu等[20]标定了砂卵石土接触模量、摩擦系数、接触黏结强度等细观参数。金磊等[2122]基于工业CT扫描不规则颗粒三维离散元精细模拟技术,探究了土石混合体的块石形状、大小,并在形态参数上对其标定。以上对卵石土的细观参数取值具有重要借鉴意义。
为合理评价河道不规则卵石开挖料作为工程人工防渗材料保护层和支持层的可行性,本文以离散元理论为基础,建立了振动碾轮‒卵石土保护层‒钠基膨润土防水毯‒掺灰卵石土支撑层的整体离散元模型,以室内三轴压缩试验结果、GCL规范标准和现场碾压测量结果为基础,开展模型细观参数标定;通过精确模拟不规则卵石形状和振动碾作用,研究振动碾压荷载作用下卵石的动态运移与GCL变位关系,提出GCL局部伸长率、卵石嵌入值、膨润土配位数3种评价指标,综合评价碾压过程中不规则卵石对GCL的影响。研究成果在节约资源、降低工程成本、生态保护环境等方面具有一定的实际意义,可为类似工程施工提供有力的理论参考。

1 施工碾压离散元模型参数校准

Cundall[23]于1971年提出的离散元法是一种基于分子动力学原理的散体动力学分析方法。该方法通过更新颗粒的位移和接触力,构建细观颗粒系统以反映宏观运动规律,为使其准确描述工程模型,需要对颗粒细观参数进行校准。本次校准模型依据河南省林州市某河道景观治理工程建立,根据河道设计方案,河底采用GCL进行防渗,规格为6 kg/m2,即每平方米GCL膨润土的含量为6 kg。为了降低工程成本、减小弃料污染、充分利用当地河道开挖料,工程设计采用河道开挖卵石土料作为GCL上下两层的回填土料,下层掺入一定比例的熟石灰,厚度为30 cm,压实度为0.93;上层采用卵石土作为保护层,厚为30 cm,压实度为0.86。设计方案与施工现场如图1所示。

1.1 现场施工情况

在施工过程中,支撑层与回填层以现场卵石层开挖料为主,需剔除现状料中粒径大于40 mm的卵石、胶结体,植物根茎及砖瓦垃圾等杂质,避免尖锐物体对防水毯造成损害。施工按照支撑层、防水毯层和保护层的顺序进行。支撑层铺设流程依次为:布土、摊平稳压、刮平整形、撒布白灰、路拌机拌和、稳压、刮平整形、碾压、养护;随后铺设防水毯;保护层按照铺料、整平、碾压、质检的顺序进行。其中,每碾压一遍后,利用GPS测量仪测量沉降量,并对压实后的土料采用环刀法和灌砂法进行含水率和干密度检测,主要设计控制指标如表1所示。

1.2 细观参数标定

1)支撑层细观参数标定

对现场土进行试验室重塑,利用三轴压缩试验测定支撑层土体的宏观力学性能并完成参数标定。根据试验测定结果,现场开挖料为级配不良土。其中,细粒与粗砾含量较多,中间粒径颗粒较少,空隙体积大,各粒径的颗粒占比见表2。石灰采用熟石灰,掺量为8%(卵石土与石灰的质量比),并加入适量的水(按最优含水率11.1%)。试验采用GCTS‒STX‒600型动三轴设备,如图2所示,整个设备由CATS软件系统、围压/体积控制器和三轴压力室组成。试样尺寸为ϕ 150×h 300 mm,以压实度0.93控制,通过击实成型,并养护7 d;三轴压缩试验考虑50、100和150 kPa 3种不同围压,加载速率用应变控制,当应变达到10%左右时停止加载。

根据上述掺灰卵石土三轴压缩试验数据,建立相应的离散元模型,对下部支撑层进行细观参数标定。根据材料中胶结体(由细粒土、石灰和水胶结而成)和卵石的接触特性,胶结体采用平行黏接模型,卵石间采用线性接触模型。掺灰卵石土三轴压缩试验与模拟结果对比如图3所示。由图3可知,掺灰卵石土峰值前的应力‒应变曲线模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,不同围压下,试样峰值应力模拟结果与试验结果的误差最大为2.3%,能够满足工程精度要求,说明标定的细观力学参数能够准确表征卵石土的宏观力学特性。

2)GCL层细观参数标定

GCL层是由上下两层土工布将钠基膨润土颗粒包裹其中而制成。膨润土颗粒在无水状态下无胶结体,采用线性模型模拟,土工布采用线性黏结模型模拟。图4为GCL标定模型及模拟结果。由图4(b)可知,最大荷载下的伸长率大于14.00%,满足规范要求(>10.00%)[2425],认为此时的GCL细观接触参数可以准确地表征其宏观力学特性。

3)保护层细观参数标定

根据现场保护层测量的累计沉降曲线对其进行细观参数标定,考虑到保护层内无胶结体,接触模型选用线性接触模型。现场累计沉降曲线的测量结果与仿真模拟结果如图5所示。根据施工资料,现场碾压6遍时回填层的压实度已满足设计要求,为了方便对比,仿真模拟结果也取前6遍碾压值。由图5可知,二者的相对误差最大值为4.16%,第6遍误差为1.09%,可见仿真模拟结果与现场测量结果较为吻合。综上所述,支撑层、防水毯层和保护层的标定结果均合理有效,各层颗粒标定的细观参数和取值如表3所示。

2 施工碾压过程的离散元模拟

2.1 不规则卵石的模拟

卵石土为河道现场开挖料,主要由卵石与细粒土混合而成,卵石形状不规则,若只用圆球颗粒模拟卵石,难以区分卵石与细粒颗粒的差异,且不能充分反映实际状态下卵石对GCL的影响。因此,采用形状边界明显的颗粒簇单元模拟不规则卵石。依据原状土样中卵石的特征,经二维化处理后得到闭合的卵石轮廓,将其导入离散元软件中生成边界,建立刚性颗粒簇模板。

2.2 碾轮等效荷载的模拟

采用刚性颗粒簇单元模拟碾轮,利用文献[26]的等效荷载计算方法对其施加激振力,真实还原碾轮实际工作状态,以充分模拟碾压过程中土料被揉搓、重新排列和充填空隙的特点。表4为模型碾轮工作参数。

2.3 施工碾压模型的建立

根据工程施工方案,待支撑层碾压完成并养护至一定强度后,上部铺设GCL,随后回填上层保护层土料,碾压至设计压实度。为充分模拟实际工程的碾压过程,数值仿真碾压模型共分3层,下层为300 mm厚的掺灰卵石土支撑层,中层为5 mm厚的GCL层,上层为300 mm厚的卵石土保护层。卵石土层模型颗粒级配如图6所示。

施工碾压模型建立过程如图7所示,整个模拟过程分为5个步骤:1)建立GCL支撑层,按照颗粒级配曲线生成颗粒,利用替换法将10 mm以上的颗粒原位替换成卵石,并赋予卵石土的细观参数(表3),计算至稳定;2)建立GCL层,在支撑层上方建立GCL模型,将若干球颗粒黏结起来代替刚性边界,施加重力使GCL层自由沉降,模拟铺设过程,计算至稳定后,赋予GCL的细观参数;3)建立GCL保护层,在GCL上方随机投放颗粒,将大于10 mm的颗粒删除,原位替换成卵石,施加重力等待沉降,模拟回填过程;4)建立碾轮,将多余的颗粒删除,整平土层,建立碾轮并施加激振力,等待碾压;5)开展施工碾压过程分析,给予碾轮一定的运行参数(表4),碾轮自左向右再回到起点为第1遍,以此循环运行,直至土体各项碾压反馈参数基本稳定为止。本次模拟共碾压15遍。

3 不规则卵石对防水毯的影响

3.1 孔隙率及累计沉降量

受现场工程进度和投资成本的影响,在现场施工过程中不能无限制地进行碾压,因此,为了揭示卵石运动对GCL的影响,在仿真模拟过程中将碾压遍数增大到了15遍。不同碾压遍数下模型的孔隙率变化曲线如图8所示。由图8可知:随着碾压遍数的增加,孔隙率依次表现为快速减小、小幅度波动、基本稳定的趋势;累计沉降量表现出逐渐增大、小幅度波动、基本稳定的趋势。

当土料摊平后,在自重的作用下平衡稳定后,初始孔隙率为13.5%;碾压15遍结束时,孔隙率降至12.6%。整个碾压过程中,第9遍时孔隙率最低,为12.58%。从碾压过程的孔隙率分布规律来看,当碾压至第7遍时,孔隙率基本达到稳定状态,再增大碾压遍数虽然孔隙率仍会下降,但在第9遍之后有所反弹。从累计沉降量的增幅来看,碾压第7遍后,累计沉降量出现负增长,随后又小幅增大,后趋于稳定,但仍存在小幅波动。综合孔隙率和累计沉降量分布规律可知,在碾压过程中存在最优碾压遍数。

3.2 卵石对防水毯的影响

在碾压过程中,卵石受振动碾压荷载的影响会出现旋转、平移等运动形态,在靠近GCL的位置,对其造成挤压、顶托和嵌入等影响,严重时可使防渗功能失效。为研究这一问题,将不同形状的卵石分为类三角形、类椭圆形和类圆形3种,在GCL附近选取不同形状的典型卵石,监测碾压过程中卵石变位对GCL造成的影响。碾压过程中典型卵石与防水毯接触变化如图9所示,图9中,A~F表示不同卵石形状与GCL的接触形态。由图9可知,卵石移动对GCL的影响随碾压遍数的增大而增大,且卵石所处的位置及卵石形状不同对GCL有不同程度的影响。如图9中A、B所示,类三角形与GCL的接触状态有两种情况,一种是角与GCL发生的点接触,另一种是边与GCL发生的面接触。前者有明显顶托GCL现象,存在刺破的风险;而后者接触面积大,虽然刺破风险较小,但在压实过程中可能会整体嵌入GCL,致使相邻的膨润土局部向两侧移动,减弱接触位置的防渗效果。由图9中C、D可知:类椭圆形卵石也有两种位置形态,即长轴轴线边界接触GCL和短轴轴线边界接触GCL;前者同类三角形的面接触相同,后者同类三角形的点接触相同。图9中E所示的类圆形卵石与GCL主要发生面接触,整体挤压GCL。值得注意的是,卵石除单侧分布外,还存在双向错位分布的情况。如图9中F所示,类椭圆形卵石与类三角形卵石分布在GCL上下两侧,且与GCL的接触形式均为点接触。不难看出,GCL被错位挤压部位的位移量随碾压遍数的增大而增大,这说明碾压过程中,双向均存在卵石时,GCL更容易被挤压。

4 防水毯的安全指标评价

结合以上不规则卵石在碾压过程的运动轨迹及其与GCL的相互作用,从卵石的动态变位、防水毯土工布的变形和膨润土分布规律3个方面出发,提出卵石运动对GCL影响的评价指标,对碾压过程中GCL的安全性能进行系统评价。

4.1 防水毯的局部伸长率

为了分析GCL在碾压过程中是否会被破坏,通过定义局部伸长率,计算不同碾压状态下GCL的局部伸长率,并与GCL的最大伸长率进行对比验证。防水毯的局部长度定义示意图如图10所示。

图10可知,在初始状态下,将卵石水平方向边界GH′的最大长度L投影到GCL上,对应在其上投影边界GH范围内的颗粒总长度为局部长度L0。在碾压过程中,由于卵石的影响,GCL会发生拉伸或者收缩,即L0的长度发生变化。按照此方式,定义GCL被碾压第ii=1,2,…,15)遍后的局部长度为Li,局部伸长率计算如式(1)所示:

δ=L0-Li/L0

式中,δ为GCL的局部伸长率。

图9中不同接触形态GCL的局部伸长率计算结果如图11所示。除接触形态B外,其余部位GCL的局部伸长率均随碾压遍数的增大而增大,最大值为3.79%,小于GCL的最大拉伸率14.00%。由此可知,GCL在碾压过程中有不同程度的拉伸,但均未超过最大限制值,说明在施工过程中完整度良好。

4.2 卵石的嵌入值

卵石嵌入值是指碾压过程中与GCL上边界接触的卵石最低点与GCL初始高度之间的距离。由式(2)计算:

ze=z¯g-zpmin

式中,ze为卵石嵌入值,z¯g为防水毯的平均初始高度,zpmin为与防水毯接触的卵石最低点纵坐标。z¯g式(3)计算:

z¯g=j=1nzgj/n

式中,zgj为第j个防水毯颗粒的高度,n为防水毯颗粒的个数。

根据式(2)、(3)计算本模型中与GCL相邻卵石的平均嵌入值,结果如图12所示。由图12可知,在碾压过程中,卵石的平均嵌入值有所波动,说明在振动碾压荷载作用下GCL上边界附近的卵石运动频率高且运动方向复杂。同时,GCL在受到挤压后会呈波浪式运动,使得部分卵石在GCL摆动下向上运动,导致嵌入值减小,这也是卵石平均嵌入值波动的原因之一。第1遍碾压时,卵石的嵌入值增速较快,随着碾压遍数增大,嵌入值趋于稳定,最终嵌入值大于初始状态,说明卵石均不同程度地嵌入GCL。其中,卵石的最大平均嵌入值为2.1 mm,而GCL的厚度为5 mm,嵌入程度未超过GCL的50%。

4.3 膨润土的配位数分布规律

受卵石嵌入、顶托和挤压的影响,GCL内部的膨润土颗粒分布情况也会有所变化,而膨润土的分布情况是影响GCL防渗效果的主要因素。

在碾压过程中,可通过监测膨润土颗粒的配位数变化情况来分析膨润土的分布规律。配位数是指测量范围内颗粒的平均接触数,配位数越大,颗粒周围的接触越多,说明该区域的颗粒密度大、结构稳定。配位数C的计算方法如式(4)所示:

C=NM

式中,N为颗粒的接触数量,M为区域内颗粒总数。在二维颗粒系统中,总自由度为3M,每个颗粒共有4个自由度,其中:2个平移自由度,2个转动自由度;总约束为2N,即一个切向约束和一个法向约束。对于稳定的颗粒系统,自由度总数等于约束总数,即3M=2N,因此,二维颗粒系统下配位数的极限值为3。

膨润土颗粒配位数观测点如图13所示。由图13可知,典型接触位置可分为O、P、Q共3种情况,O为两颗相邻卵石同侧挤压GCL,P为多颗卵石上下侧挤压GCL,Q为较大粒径卵石挤压GCL。上述情况中,卵石的外观形态主要由类椭圆形、类三角形和类圆形组成。

3个观测点的膨润土配位数及平均配位数变化如图14所示,图14中,气泡的大小与配位数的大小成正比。由图14可知,膨润土颗粒的配位数随碾压遍数的增大而不断变化。若配位数增大,说明该测量圆范围内的颗粒接触数量多,从宏观的角度来看,此处的膨润土颗粒数量多,遇水后,膨润土能够吸附大量的水分从而达到防渗的效果;若配位数减小,说明该处的颗粒接触数量少,即膨润土颗粒在碾压作用下频繁运动,导致此处膨润土颗粒数量减少。图14(a)和(b)测量圆所监测的配位数波动较大,说明在碾压过程中膨润土颗粒运动频繁,而图14(c)中配位数大小分布均匀,说明碾压过程中膨润土颗粒较为密实。综上可知:类圆形卵石与GCL发生面接触时,膨润土颗粒整体运动均匀、有序;而两颗及以上卵石呈同侧或对侧分布发生点接触时,容易挤压GCL,使膨润土颗粒运动频繁。第1种情况可使被挤压部分的膨润土颗粒向两侧移动,虽然同区域内颗粒数量减少,但颗粒仍然紧密接触;第2种情况可使防膨润土颗粒扩散运动,此时颗粒接触数减少,防渗效果减弱。在模拟过程中发现,出现第1种情况时,需要检测GCL的局部伸长率,若小于最大伸长率,说明GCL在结构上是安全的;出现第2种情况是碾压速度过快、卵石与GCL发生点接触的位置较多导致的,因此,在实际施工过程中要选取合适的碾压速度进行施工,同时注意卵石的分布位置,防止膨润土颗粒扩散降低防渗效果。

图14(d)可知:O、P接触情况观测点在碾压全过程中,平均配位数均大于理论极限值3.0,说明此处的膨润土颗粒在施工过程中较为密实,卵石的变位对防渗效果影响较小;而Q接触情况观测点的平均配位数在碾压第7遍过后低于极限值3.0,说明此处的膨润土颗粒受卵石运动的影响较大,颗粒密度降低,对防渗效果有一定影响。

5 结 论

以离散元理论为基础,建立了振动碾轮‒卵石土保护层‒钠基膨润土防水毯‒掺灰卵石土支撑层的精细化振动碾压施工模型,从细观层面研究了不规则卵石在振动碾压荷载作用下对GCL的影响,并提出了GCL施工质量的评价指标。具体结论如下:

1)卵石与GCL之间的相互作用与卵石的形状存在较大关系。类三角形与类椭圆形卵石与GCL以点接触和面接触为主;类圆形卵石与GCL为面接触;接触形式的不同表明卵石对GCL的影响程度不同。

2)提出了评价不规则卵石对GCL影响的3种评价指标:GCL局部伸长率、卵石嵌入值和膨润土配位数。GCL局部伸长率随碾压遍数的增大而增大;卵石的嵌入值与卵石的运动频率相关,GCL附近的卵石均有不同程度的嵌入;膨润土的配位数分布规律与卵石的接触形式密切相关,即点接触导致膨润土颗粒运动频率大,配位数小,说明GCL局部厚度减小,发生面接触时,膨润土颗粒运动频率小,分布相对均匀。

3)根据数值模拟结果,计算得到GCL最大局部伸长率为3.79%,小于标准最大伸长率14.00%;卵石嵌入值最大深度为2.1 mm,占GCL的42%;在整个碾压过程中,O和P观测点的平均配位数均大于理论极限值,Q观测点的平均配位数在碾压至第7遍后低于理论极限值。

4)数值模拟结果表明,当碾压至一定遍数后,回填卵石土层压实参数基本趋于稳定,相应的GCL评价指标也基本趋于稳定,再增加碾压遍数并不能明显提高土体的压实性,反而可能会导致GCL内部局部膨润土颗粒配位数出现超标现象。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52109154)

河南省科技攻关项目(192102310224)

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