Objective Currently, most studies on decoupled charges that use water as a coupling medium focus on rock damage and crack propagation. The impact of shock wave propagation and the water medium on the blasting effect is generally reflected through the damage observed in rock specimens. This study investigates the propagation of shock waves and blast products when a water-decoupled charge structure detonates in an air field. In addition, it analyzes the pressure and equivalent stress around the borehole to examine the blasting behavior of axial water-coupled charge structures in an air field. Methods First, various axial water decoupling charge structures were designed, and the propagation images of shock waves and blast products, as well as the shock wave pressures at fixed positions, were obtained when the charge structures were detonated in an air field by using a high-speed schlieren system and an overpressure testing system. The propagation speed time curves of the shock waves and blast products in the schlieren field were obtained by marking the shock wave front and the blast product boundaries in the images. The study summarized the influence patterns of the water coupling position on the blasting effect by analyzing the charge structures under different conditions. Numerical simulations were conducted to obtain the shock wave pressure values along the vertical and horizontal directions and at various positions along the borehole axis. Computational models for different charge structures were established using the ANSYS finite element numerical simulation software. The detonation process was simulated numerically, and the simulation results were integrated with the schlieren experimental results to determine the evolution of the propagation speed and pressure of the explosive shock waves in the air flow field and the pressure distribution inside the charge. Results and Discussions The results obtained from the schlieren system and the overpressure testing system for different water coupled charge structures in field experiments were as follows: For Structures 1#~3#, the maximum shock wave speeds in the horizontal direction were 419.5, 411.1, and 438.6 m/s, respectively. Structure 4# generated two shock waves with maximum propagation speeds of 403.5 and 398.3 m/s. The decay trends of the shock wave speeds in the vertical direction for Structures 1#~3# were similar. The shock wave speed in the vertical direction rapidly decayed from about 600 m/s to about 480 m/s within 60 μs after initiation, before separating from the blast products. After separation, the shock wave speed decayed more slowly and gradually decreased to about 430 m/s before stabilizing. In contrast, the maximum speeds of the two shock waves in Structure 4# were lower than those recorded for the other three structures. The overpressure peaks in the horizontal direction for Structures 1#~4# were 567.80, 464.76, 709.12, and 387.73 Pa, respectively. Structure 2# displayed the lowest overpressure peak among Structures 1#~3#, while the overpressure peak of Structure 3# was 34.46% higher than that of Structure 4#. The overpressure peaks in the vertical direction for Structures 1#~4# were 592.8, 655.8, 606.9, and 520.5 Pa, respectively. In the numerical simulations, pressure values for different water coupled charge structures were obtained from measurement points arranged in the vertical direction, horizontal direction, and within the borehole wall. For Structure 1#, the peak pressure at measurement point 2 was 207.62 kPa, and at measurement point 5 it was 137.97 kPa, representing a decrease of 33.55%. For Structure 2#, the peak pressure at measurement point 2 was 300.40 kPa, and at measurement point 5 it was 142.80 kPa, representing a decrease of 52.46%. For Structure 3#, the pressure decrease was 32.84%, and for Structure 4#, it was 50.11%. Along the vertical borehole direction, Structures 1#~3# all reached pressure peaks at corresponding measurement points at approximately 0.033, 0.057, 0.087, 0.123, and 0.170 ms. The borehole wall pressure peak curve for Structure 1# displayed a bell-shaped distribution, while Structures 2# and 3# exhibited an M-shaped distribution, and Structure 4# showed a valley-shaped distribution. The analysis indicated that the water medium affected the shock wave pressure decay process. On the side with water coupling, the shock wave pressure decayed more slowly, which potentially increased the range of the explosion impact. Conclusions The explosion energy of the axial water non-coupled structure is more concentrated along the vertical axis of the borehole compared to the borehole axis. After the detonation of the explosive, the shock wave propagates in a flattened spherical form into the air flow, with the blast products moving outward with the shock wave and gradually separating from it, which results in greater displacement in the vertical direction. The shock wave pressure generated by the explosion in the axial water non-coupled charge structure is influenced by the medium along its propagation path. The side with water coupling exhibits lower peak shock wave pressure, but the attenuation rate decreases more slowly over the same distance, and the shock wave duration remains longer, extending the blast effect range on that side. The position of the charge segment in the axial water non-coupled structure affects the blasting performance. The borehole wall pressure in the charge segment is substantially higher than that in the water medium segment, and the peak pressure decreases with increasing distance from the charge segment. Therefore, the damage primarily occurs within the charge segment. The damage range can be effectively controlled by modifying the number, length, and position of the explosives in the charge structure.
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