Objective The rod articulation in the spatial matrix displacement method is simulated by directly eliminating the rows and columns associated with the hinge point in the stiffness matrix, which is only applicable when two rods are directly articulated on the axial line. For reciprocal structures, the hinge points are located at the rod edges, and the presence of eccentricity allows the bending moments to be transmitted between rods, so the direct modification of stiffness matrices is not applicable to this type of reciprocal system. This study proposes a static calculation method applicable to such systems to accurately and efficiently simulate the reciprocal hinge point and more conveniently calculate the internal forces and deformations of reciprocal structures. Methods First, the generalized nodal displacement consisting of nine components is defined at the hinge point, including the three translations at the hinge point and the three rotations at the two beam end nodes. The displacement relationship of the beam end nodes at the reciprocal connection is simplified by introducing the generalized displacements at the hinge point to describe the displacements of the nodes at the beam ends. Based on the traditional spatial matrix displacement method, the elements and nodes of the spatial frame structure require coding. Because the nodal displacements at the beam end nodes are described by the generalized displacements at the hinge point, the entire structural nodal coding is condensed by replacing the two codes at the beam end nodes with one code at the hinge point. For a structure with N beam end nodes and Nm hinge points, the number of nodal codes decreases from N to N‒Nm after condensation, and the dimension of the nodal displacement vector is also reduced. Due to the adoption of two sets of nodal coding, integrating the whole stiffness matrix by using the traditional positional localization approach becomes difficult. Therefore, the equation of internal virtual work done by the internal force of the beam element on the virtual displacement of the beam end nodes and the equation of external virtual work done by the equivalent node load on the virtual displacement of the beam end nodes are established separately. Based on the principle of virtual work, in which the virtual work of internal force equals the virtual work of external force, the virtual work equation of the structure is obtained as the whole stiffness equation of the structure under the condensed nodal coding system. At the same time, the whole stiffness matrix of the structure under the condensed coding system is obtained and, similar to the traditional matrix displacement method, remains symmetric. After introducing boundary conditions, the whole stiffness matrix is modified, and the nodal displacements of the structure under the condensed nodal coding system are obtained. In addition, the displacements and internal forces of the structure under the original coding system are calculated. Results and Discussions In the numerical examples, the proposed method is first applied to calculate and analyze the nodal displacements and internal forces of the space lap structure with two rods, and ANSYS software is employed to perform finite element analysis for verification. In the finite element model, Beam 189 and Solid 45 are utilized to simulate the rods, and the results show that regardless of the element type, the finite element results agree well with the theoretical results. Further, the reciprocal structure transformed from the 63 type of Archimedes paving is determined by the proposed method to obtain the nodal displacements and internal forces, and comparative validation is again conducted by using ANSYS finite element software. The results show that the error between the proposed method and ANSYS finite element results remains within 3%. The two sets of results are generally consistent but do not perfectly match because short stiff arms are introduced in the ANSYS model to simulate the articulation of the beam end nodes. The stiff arm is not absolutely rigid, although it has much greater stiffness than the rods, so the ANSYS finite element model does not fully satisfy the flat cross-section assumption. Conclusions Compared to finite element analysis, the spatial rigid matrix displacement method under the condensed nodal coding system presents clear advantages for analyzing reciprocal structures. The finite element method requires additional short stiff arms to simulate the reciprocal connection, which generates 15 nodal degrees of freedom. In contrast, the proposed method uses only 9 degrees of freedom for the generalized nodal displacements at the actual hinge points, effectively reducing the computational degrees of freedom of the whole structure and providing a more concise and efficient analysis approach. In addition, in the finite element method, enforcing the flat cross-section assumption requires the stiffness of the two short rigid arms to be extremely large, which can cause convergence difficulties or even non-convergence in nonlinear calculations when inappropriate stiffness values are used. Because the proposed method does not include short rigid arm elements, it exhibits better numerical stability.
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