Objective The construction of pile foundation projects in cold regions requires quantitative analyses of displacement and stress in the surrounding soil, which can be achieved using cavity expansion methods. Classical cavity expansion methods fail to account for uneven temperature distribution, temperature variation, and the unique mechanical behavior of frozen soil. Therefore, this study proposes a thermo‒elasto‒plastic model based on a strength criterion with a parabolic curve, also referred to as the parabolic strength criterion, which is applicable to frozen soil and provides analytical expressions for displacement and stress. Methods Firstly, the geometry and boundary conditions were determined, and several fundamental assumptions of the proposed model were introduced. A Dirichlet boundary condition, defined as a fixed surface temperature, was considered when addressing the heat diffusion problem. Secondly, the governing equations of the thermo‒elastic cavity expansion model were introduced and systematically combined, through which the explicit expressions for displacement and stress in the elastic state were derived. With the increase in internal radial pressure, the state of the surrounding soil gradually transitioned from an elastic state to an elasto‒plastic state, whereby the surrounding soil was divided into elastic and plastic zones governed by different equations. Thirdly, to account for the nonlinear strength behavior of frozen soil, the parabolic strength criterion was introduced, indicating that the strength initially increased and decreased as the mean stress increased. The stress distribution within the plastic zone was derived by combining the equilibrium equations of continuum mechanics with the parabolic strength criterion of frozen soil. It was clearly impossible to derive an explicit expression for displacement using conventional plasticity theory because the parabolic strength criterion was based on triaxial experimental results. Therefore, the proposed model assumed that the compressive equations remained unchanged after the transition from the elastic state to the plastic state. The expression for the displacement of the internal wall surface was derived by substituting the compressive equations into the kinematic relations of continuum mechanics. Finally, an example involving pile foundation construction was analyzed using the proposed model, and the calculation results were compared to those obtained from a precedented model and a numerical method. Results and Discussions Comparing the modeling procedure with that of the classical cavity expansion model indicated that both stress and displacement were directly interconnected with the temperature distribution. A logarithmic temperature distribution was first obtained by solving the heat diffusion equation, and this distribution was used in the derivation of elastic stress and displacement. For stress and displacement in the elastic state, the influence of temperature was clearly reflected in the term containing the thermal expansion coefficient, which was generally small for solids such as ice, rock, and soil. A significant finding was that when compressive stress was defined as positive, the radial stress consistently represented the maximum principal stress, while the circumferential stress represented the minimum principal stress. This finding facilitated the determination of the plastic zone and enabled the substitution of principal stresses into the parabolic strength criterion. Within the plastic zone, the influence of temperature became considerably more complex because temperature variations not only altered the parameters of the parabolic strength criterion but also affected the subsequent calculations of stress and displacement. The application of the parabolic strength criterion made it challenging to obtain explicit expressions for stress and displacement in the plastic zone, whereas quantitative results were achievable through numerical analysis. The quantitative results of the example demonstrated several distinctive characteristics of the proposed model. For instance, with increasing internal radial pressure, the plastic boundary gradually moved outward, reaching 1 m when the pressure was 1 690 kPa and 2 m when the pressure was 6 306 kPa. The quadratic approximation of the plastic boundary coordinate exhibited good agreement with the results. The circumferential stress at the boundary surface of the plastic zone was found to be discontinuous, which was attributed to stress redistribution in the frozen soil. The displacement of the internal wall surface was calculated and was 83.5 mm when the pressure was 1 690 kPa and 170.0 mm when the pressure was 5 000 kPa. The characteristic of compressive hardening was clearly observed from the stress‒displacement curve. When the results were compared to those of the precedented model based on the Tresca strength criterion and the numerical method based on PFEM, the stress‒displacement relationship was considered acceptable from a geotechnical perspective. The sensitivity of model parameters was further analyzed and was primarily associated with the effects of temperature and the coefficient of plasticity-growing. Internal temperature groups of ‒5 ℃, ‒10 ℃, and ‒15 ℃ were respectively applied, resulting in smaller plastic zones, indicating higher frozen soil strength, and lower circumferential stress drops at the plastic boundary. In addition, the coefficient of plasticity-growing was shown to be effective in further adjusting the calculated results. Conclusions The proposed model is developed based on a strength criterion characterized by a parabolic curve applicable to frozen soil, with temperature variation explicitly considered. A thermoelastic constitutive equation is employed in which temperature is treated as a variable to derive the stress and displacement expressions of the soil. The model can incorporate more complex construction conditions and is verified to be effective and rational from a geotechnical perspective. The results provide valuable guidance for in situ soil testing, as well as for the design and construction of pile foundations in frozen soil regions.
在对塑性区的土体进行分析时,沿用连续介质力学中的一般规定,区分物质坐标 R 与空间坐标 r,即 R 代表某一物质颗粒, r 代表某一空间点,并且 R = r ( R, t0), r = r ( R,t)。而在弹性分析时采用的是小变形假定,故通常认为土体在受到外部荷载产生位移后,也不会距离初始位置太远,即 r ≈ R。考察塑性区土体中任意一个颗粒 R 的位移,可以认为其空间坐标仅与颗粒的物质坐标 R 和塑性区外边界s有关,如图3所示。
由于柱孔扩张模型具有对称性,向量 R、r 均只有一个分量,因此在后续分析中使用R、r代替 R 、 r。故对于柱孔扩张问题可以将塑性区的总位移写为:
作为对比,根据算例参数和式(34)进行计算,得到基于Tresca准则计算的柱孔内侧的位移计算结果(图10)。可以看出,式(34)在高内压下的位移计算结果明显偏大,不适用于冻土。粒子有限元法(PFEM)是一种适用于模拟岩土材料大变形问题的数值模拟方法[26‒28],Hauser等[29]根据该方法对黏土的柱孔扩张问题进行了数值计算,并在计算中综合考虑了大变形和CASM模型(clay and sand model)[30]。对于超固结黏土(超固结比为16)排水条件下的柱孔扩张问题,根据归一化参数进行换算,若将先期固结压力视为算例中柱孔处刚好出现塑性变形时的压力,内压和柱孔内侧位移的情况如图10所示,用粒子有限元法进行数值计算的结果与本文的理论计算结果较为接近。
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